91Ó°ÊÓ

Tell the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom in the following substances, and give the molecular formula of each:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Allene, $HC=C=C{H}_2$is somewhat unusual in that it has two adjacent double bonds. Draw a picture showing the orbitals involved in the s and p bonds of allene. Is the central carbon atomsp²orsp-hybridized? What about the hybridization of the terminal carbons? What shape do you predict for allene?

There are two different substances with the formula C₃H₆. Draw both, and tell how they differ.

There are two different substances with the formula C₂H₆O. Draw both, and tell how they differ.

There are three different substances that contain a carbon–carbon double bond and have the formula C₄H₈. Draw them, and tell how they differ.

Among the most common over-the-counter drugs you might find in a medicine cabinet are mild pain relievers such ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and acetaminophen (Tylenol).

(a) How many sp³-hybridized carbons does each molecule have?

(b) How many sp²-hybridized carbons does each molecule have?

(c) Can you spot any similarities in their structures?

Draw a line-bond structure for propane, $\mathbf{CH}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{CH}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{CH}\mathbf{3}$. Predict the value of each bond angle, and indicate the overall shape of the molecule.

Convert the following molecular model of hexane, a component of gasoline, into a line-bond structure (gray 5 C, ivory 5 H).

HEXANE