91Ó°ÊÓ

How many electrons does each of the following elements have in its outermost electron shell?

Convert the following molecular formulas into line-bond structures that are consistent with valence rules:

(a)${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{8}}$ (b) ${\mathbf{CH}}_{\mathbf{5}}\mathbf{N}$

(c) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{6}}\mathbf{O}$(2 possibilities)(d) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{7}}\mathbf{Br}$ (2 possibilities)

(e ) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{4}}\mathbf{O}$(3 possibilities) (f)${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{9}}\mathbf{N}$(4 possibilities)

Draw a three-dimensional representation of the oxygen-bearing carbon atom in ethanol, using the standard convention of solid, wedged, and dashed lines.

Oxaloacetic acid, an important intermediate in food metabolism, has the formulaand contains threebonds and twobonds. Propose two possible structures.

Draw structures for the following molecules, showing lone pairs:

(a) Acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-nitrogen triple bond

(b) Ethyl methyl ether,C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbons

(c) Butane, C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms

(d) Cyclohexene,C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond

Draw structures for the following molecules, showing lone pairs:

(a) Acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-nitrogen triple bond

(b) Ethyl methyl ether,C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbons

(c) Butane,C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms

(d) Cyclohexene,C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond

Draw structures for the following molecules, showing lone pairs:

(a) Acrylonitrile,C₃H₃N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-nitrogen triple bond

(b) Ethyl methyl ether,C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbons

(c) Butane,C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms

(d) Cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond

Draw structures for the following molecules, showing lone pairs:

(a) Acrylonitrile,C₃H₃N which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-nitrogen triple bond

(b) Ethyl methyl ether,C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbons

(c) Butane,C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms

(d) Cyclohexene,C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond

Potassium methoxide,,KOCH₃ contains both covalent and ionic bonds. Which do you think is which?

What is the hybridization of each carbon atom in acetonitrile?