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Halogenation is carried out by treating a carbonyl compound undergone enolate, followed by an attack with a halogen in the presence of a base. When excess halogens are present, all the possible acidic protons get replaced by halogens.

Haloform reaction also takes place when a keto-methyl structure is present.

Halogenation is carried out by treating a carbonyl compound undergone enolate, followed by an attack with a halogen in the presence of an acid.

In the presence of a strong base such as NaH, an intramolecular attack takes place where there is a potentially powerful leaving group. When lithium carbonate is used, they promote an E2 reaction.

Representation of the function of a strong base

LDA is a non-nucleophilic strong base that abstracts from protons from the least hindered C-H group. Due to its bulky nature due to the attached isopropyl groups with the nitrogen atom, it always acts as a base. It withdraws protons from the least hindered source.

When a strong nucleophile such as isopropylamine is used, it promotes a bimolecular substitution reaction.

Decarboxylation occurs when a carboxylic group (COOH) is bonded to the $\mathrm{Î\pm }$-carbon of another carbonyl group or a structure where a $\mathrm{β}$-keto acid present is exposed to heat.

Based on the functions of the reagents, the organic products formed in each reaction are shown below.