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Substitution reactions involve the replacement or substitution of one or more atoms or groups of a compound by other atoms or groups. The nucleophile will always attack from a less hindered side in a substitution reaction

If a molecule contains only one chiral carbon, it must be chiral and exist in two optically active forms as enantiomers. The second product is an enantiomer in the above reaction because both are superimposable mirror images and optically active.

If more than one place is chemically equally preferable for the attack of the nucleophile, then the formation of an enantiomer occurs.

Thus the following products are formed:

Reaction a

Reaction b