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Chapter 2: Q58E (page 127)
Each of the following compounds contains a metal that can exhibit more than one ionic charge. Name these compounds:
a. NiCO3
b. MoO3
c.Co(NO3)2
d. V2O5
e. MnO2
f. Fe2O3
a. Nickel Carbonate
b. Molybdenum trioxide
c. Cobalt nitrate
d. Vanadium (V) oxide
e. Manganese (IV) oxide
f. Iron (III) oxide
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Predict and test the behaviour of 伪 particles fired at a Rutherford atom model.
(a) Predict the paths taken by 伪 particles that are fired at atoms with a Rutherford atom model structure. Explain why you expect the 伪 particles to take these paths.
(b) If 伪 particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at Rutherford atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy 伪 particle paths. Explain your reasoning.
(c) Predict how the paths taken by the 伪 particles will differ if they are fired at Rutherford atoms of elements other than gold. What factor do you expect to cause this difference in paths, and why?
(d) Now test your predictions from (a), (b), and (c).
Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the 鈥淩utherford Atom鈥� tab. Due to the scale of the simulation, it is best to start with a small nucleus, so select 鈥�20鈥� for both protons and neutrons, 鈥渕in鈥� for energy, show traces, and then start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, set energy to 鈥渕ax,鈥� and start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual path as shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, select 鈥�40鈥� for both protons and neutrons, 鈥渕in鈥� for energy, show traces, and fire away. Does this match your prediction from (c)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Repeat this with larger numbers of protons and neutrons. What generalization can you make regarding the type of atom and effect on the path of 伪 particles? Be clear and specific.
Variations in average atomic mass may be observed for elements obtained from different sources. Lithium provides an example of this. The isotopic composition of lithium from naturally occurring minerals is 7.5% 6Li and 92.5% 7Li, which have masses of 6.01512 amu and 7.01600 amu, respectively. A commercial source of lithium, recycled from a military source, was 3.75% 6Li (and the rest 7Li). Calculate the average atomic mass values for each of these two sources.
In the following drawing, the green spheres represent atoms of a certain element. The purple spheres represent atoms of another element. If the spheres touch, they are part of a single unit of a compound. Does the following chemical change represented by these symbols violate any of the ideas of Dalton鈥檚 atomic Theory? If so, which one?
Samples of compound X, Y, and Z are analyzed, with results shown here.
Do these data provide example(s) of the law of definite proportions, the law of multiple proportions, neither, or both? What do these data tell you about compounds X, Y, and Z?
How are protons and neutrons similar? How are they different?
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