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Chapter 2: Q9E (page 118)

Predict and test the behaviour of 伪 particles fired at a Rutherford atom model.

(a) Predict the paths taken by 伪 particles that are fired at atoms with a Rutherford atom model structure. Explain why you expect the 伪 particles to take these paths.

(b) If 伪 particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at Rutherford atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy 伪 particle paths. Explain your reasoning.

(c) Predict how the paths taken by the 伪 particles will differ if they are fired at Rutherford atoms of elements other than gold. What factor do you expect to cause this difference in paths, and why?

(d) Now test your predictions from (a), (b), and (c).

Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the 鈥淩utherford Atom鈥� tab. Due to the scale of the simulation, it is best to start with a small nucleus, so select 鈥�20鈥� for both protons and neutrons, 鈥渕in鈥� for energy, show traces, and then start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, set energy to 鈥渕ax,鈥� and start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual path as shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, select 鈥�40鈥� for both protons and neutrons, 鈥渕in鈥� for energy, show traces, and fire away. Does this match your prediction from (c)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Repeat this with larger numbers of protons and neutrons. What generalization can you make regarding the type of atom and effect on the path of 伪 particles? Be clear and specific.

Short Answer

Expert verified
  1. Because the Rutherford atom has a tiny, positively charged nucleus, most particles will travel undeflected through an empty space distance from a nucleus. Positive-positive repulsion causes the particles passing close to a nucleus to be diverted from their trajectories. The greater the deflection angle, the more directly the particles are directed toward the nucleus.
  2. Higher-energy particles passing close to a nucleus will still be deflected, but the faster they travel, the smaller the expected angle of deflection.
  3. If a nucleus is smaller, the positive charge is smaller, and the expected deflections are also smaller, both in terms of how near the particles pass by the nucleus undeflected, and in terms of the angle of deflection. If a nucleus is larger, the positive charge is larger, and the predicted deflections are larger鈥攎ore particles will be deflected, with larger deflection angles.
  4. The particle pathways match the predictions from (a), (b), and (c).

Step by step solution

01

Rutherford atomic model

According to the Rutherford atomic model, positively charged particles and the majority of an atom's mass are contained in an exceedingly small container.He called this part of the atom the 鈥渘ucleus.鈥� Negatively charged electrons surround an atom's nucleus, according to the Rutherford model.

02

Plum pudding model

The plum pudding model (sometimes known as Thomson's plum pudding model) is a scientific model of an atom that dates back to the 18th century.The plum pudding model is defined by electrons surrounded by a positive charge volume, similar to negatively charged "plums" embedded in a positively charged "pudding".

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Click on the site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetAtomMass) and select the 鈥淢ix Isotopes鈥� tab, hide the 鈥淧ercent Composition鈥� and 鈥淎verage Atomic Mass鈥� boxes, and then select the element boron.

(a) Write the symbols of the isotopes of boron that are shown as naturally occurring in significant amounts.

(b) Predict the relative amounts (percentages) of these boron isotopes found in nature. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.

(c) Add isotopes to the black box to make a mixture that matches your prediction in (b). You may drag isotopes fromtheir bins or click on 鈥淢ore鈥� and then move the sliders to the appropriate amounts.

(d) Reveal the 鈥淧ercent Composition鈥� and 鈥淎verage Atomic Mass鈥� boxes. How well does your mixture match withyour prediction? If necessary, adjust the isotope amounts to match your prediction.

(e) Select 鈥淣ature鈥檚鈥� mix of isotopes and compare it to your prediction. How well does your prediction comparewith the naturally occurring mixture? Explain. If necessary, adjust your amounts to make them match 鈥淣ature鈥檚鈥漚mounts as closely as possible.

Question: Write the formulas of the following compounds:

(a) barium chloride

(b) magnesium nitride

(c) sulfur dioxide

(d) nitrogen trichloride

(e) dinitrogen trioxide

(f) tin(IV) chloride

Predict and test the behavior of 伪 particles fired at a 鈥減lum pudding鈥� model atom.

(a) Predict the paths taken by 伪 particles that are fired at atoms with a Thomson鈥檚 plum pudding model structure. Explain why you expect the 伪 particles to take these paths.

(b) If 伪 particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at plum pudding atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy 伪 particle paths. Explain your reasoning.

(c) Now test your predictions from (a) and (b). Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the 鈥淧lum Pudding Atom鈥� tab. Set 鈥淎lpha Particles Energy鈥� to 鈥渕in,鈥� and select 鈥渟how traces.鈥� Click on the gun to start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Hit the pause button, or 鈥淩eset All.鈥� Set 鈥淎lpha Particles Energy鈥� to 鈥渕ax,鈥� and start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual paths as shown in the simulation.

The average atomic masses of some elements may vary, depending upon the sources of their ores. Naturally occurring, the boron consists of two isotopes with accurately known masses ( 10B, 10.0129 amu and 11B, 11.0931 amu). The actual atomic mass of boron can vary from 10.807 to 10.819, depending on whether the mineral source is from Turkey or the United States. Calculate the percent abundance leading to the two values of the average atomic masses of boron from these two countries.

Question : Write the formulas of the following compounds:

(a) lithium carbonate

(b) sodium perchlorate

(c) barium hydroxide

(d) ammonium carbonate

(e) sulfuric acid

(f) calcium acetate

(g) magnesium phosphate

(h) sodium sulfite
See all solutions

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