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Chapter 2: Q8E (page 127)

Predict and test the behavior of 伪 particles fired at a 鈥減lum pudding鈥� model atom.

(a) Predict the paths taken by 伪 particles that are fired at atoms with a Thomson鈥檚 plum pudding model structure. Explain why you expect the 伪 particles to take these paths.

(b) If 伪 particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at plum pudding atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy 伪 particle paths. Explain your reasoning.

(c) Now test your predictions from (a) and (b). Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the 鈥淧lum Pudding Atom鈥� tab. Set 鈥淎lpha Particles Energy鈥� to 鈥渕in,鈥� and select 鈥渟how traces.鈥� Click on the gun to start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Hit the pause button, or 鈥淩eset All.鈥� Set 鈥淎lpha Particles Energy鈥� to 鈥渕ax,鈥� and start firing 伪 particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual paths as shown in the simulation.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) According to the plum pudding model, a positive charge is distributed equally throughout an atom, therefore we expect the particles to (possibly) be slowed slightly by the positive-positive repulsion, but to follow straight-line courses (i.e., not to be deflected) as they travel through the atoms.

(b) Higher-energy particles will move quicker (and might be slowed less) and will also travel in straight lines through the atoms.

(c) The particles move in a straight line through the plum pudding atom method. The particles do not appear to slow as they travel through the atoms.

Step by step solution

01

Rutherford atomic model

According to the Rutherford atomic model, positively charged particles and the majority of an atom's mass are contained in an exceedingly small container.He called this part of the atom the 鈥渘ucleus.鈥� Negatively charged electrons surround an atom's nucleus, according to the Rutherford model.

02

 Step 2: Plum pudding model

The plum pudding model (sometimes known as Thomson's plum pudding model) is a scientific model of an atom that dates back to the 18th century.The plum pudding model is defined by electrons surrounded by a positive charge volume, similar to negatively charged "plums" embedded in a positively charged "pudding" (hence, the name).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then further classify each as a main-group (representative) element, transition metal, or inner transition metal:

(a) cobalt

(b) europium

(c) iodine

(d) indium

(e) lithium

(f) oxygen

(h) cadmium

(i) terbium

(j) rhenium

Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds.

a. acetic acid, C2H4O2

b. citric acid, C6H8O7

c. hydrazine, N2H4

d. nicotine, C10H14N2

e. butane, C4H10

Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: \(KCl,{\rm{ }}NC{l_3},{\rm{ }}ICl,{\rm{ }}MgC{l_2},{\rm{ }}PC{l_5},\)and \(CC{l_4}\).

Click on the site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetAtomMass) and select the 鈥淢ix Isotopes鈥� tab, hide the 鈥淧ercent Composition鈥� and 鈥淎verage Atomic Mass鈥� boxes, and then select the element boron.

(a) Write the symbols of the isotopes of boron that are shown as naturally occurring in significant amounts.

(b) Predict the relative amounts (percentages) of these boron isotopes found in nature. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.

(c) Add isotopes to the black box to make a mixture that matches your prediction in (b). You may drag isotopes fromtheir bins or click on 鈥淢ore鈥� and then move the sliders to the appropriate amounts.

(d) Reveal the 鈥淧ercent Composition鈥� and 鈥淎verage Atomic Mass鈥� boxes. How well does your mixture match withyour prediction? If necessary, adjust the isotope amounts to match your prediction.

(e) Select 鈥淣ature鈥檚鈥� mix of isotopes and compare it to your prediction. How well does your prediction comparewith the naturally occurring mixture? Explain. If necessary, adjust your amounts to make them match 鈥淣ature鈥檚鈥漚mounts as closely as possible.

Each of the following compounds contains a metal that can exhibit more than one ionic charge. Name these compounds:

a. NiCO3

b. MoO3

c.Co(NO3)2

d. V2O5

e. MnO2

f. Fe2O3
See all solutions

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