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Make a rough estimate of this uniform energy spacing in electron volts (where 1eV=1.61019鈥塉). You will need to make some rough estimates of atomic properties based on prior work. For comparison with the spacing of these vibrational energy states, note that the spacing between quantized energy levels for "electronic" states such as in atomic hydrogen is of the order of several electron volts.

(b) List several photon energies that would be emitted if a number of these vibrational energy levels were occupied due to collisional excitation. To what region of the spectrum (x-ray, visible, microwave, etc.) do these photons belong? (See Figure 8.1 at the beginning of the chapter.)

Short Answer

Expert verified

a. The uniform energy spacing is 2.121039鈥塭痴.

b. The several photon energies are 2.121039鈥塭痴,4.241039鈥塭痴 and 6.361039鈥塭痴respectively. The photons belong in the spectrum鈥檚 infrared part.

Step by step solution

01

Significance of the spring constant

The spring constant is described as the ratio of the force that is affected by the spring and the displacement caused by the spring. It mainly determines the stiffness of a spring.

02

(a) Determination of the uniform energy spacing

The equation of the uniform spacing of energy is expressed as:

E=km

Here, Eis the uniform spacing of energy, is the Planck鈥檚 constant,kis the spring constant and mis the mass of an HCl molecule.

Substitute 1.051034鈥塉sfor , 480鈥塏/尘for kand 31026鈥塳驳for min the above equation.

E=(1.051034鈥塉s)480鈥塏/尘31026鈥塳驳=(1.051034鈥塉s)1.61028鈥塏/办驳m=(1.051034鈥塉s)1.61028鈥塳驳m/s2/kgm1鈥塳驳m/s21鈥塏=(1.051034鈥塉s)1.61028鈥塻-2

Hence, further as:

E=(1.051034鈥塉s)1.61028鈥塻-2=(1.051034鈥塉s)(1.261014鈥塻1)=1.31020鈥塉1.61019鈥塉1鈥塭痴=2.121039鈥塭痴

Thus, the uniform energy spacing is 2.121039鈥塭痴.

03

(b) Determination of the photon energies

The equation of the photon energy in the ground state is expressed as:

E1=1E=E

Here, E1is the photon energy in the ground state.

Substitute 2.121039鈥塭痴for Ein the above equation.

E1=2.121039鈥塭痴

The equation of the photon energy in the first excited state is expressed as:

E2=2E=2E

Here,E2is the photon energy in the first excited state.

Substitute 2.121039鈥塭痴for Ein the above equation.

E2=22.121039鈥塭痴=4.241039鈥塭痴

The equation of the photon energy in the second excited state is expressed as:

E3=3E=3E

Here,E3is the photon energy in the second excited state.

Substitute2.121039鈥塭痴 for Ein the above equation.

E3=32.121039鈥塭痴=6.361039鈥塭痴

According to the diagram, it can be identified that the photons mainly belong to the spectrum鈥檚 infrared part.

Thus, the several photon energies are 2.121039鈥塭痴,4.241039鈥塭痴 and6.361039鈥塭痴 respectively. The photons belong in the spectrum鈥檚 infrared part.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. A photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of0.3eV,0.5eV,0.8eV,2,0eV,2.5eV,and2.8eV. These are the only photon energies observed. (a) Draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. On the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. Explain briefly. (b) Would a spring鈥搈ass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? Why or why not? (c) The material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. Next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. What photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (鈥渄ark absorption lines鈥)? Explain briefly.

Suppose that a collection of quantum harmonic oscillators occupies the lowest four energy levels, and the spacing between levels is 0.4eV. What is the complete emission spectrum for this system? That is, what photon energies will appear in the emissions? Include all energies, whether or not they fall in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Energy graphs: (a) Figure 8.41 shows a graph of potential energy vs. interatomic distance for a particular molecule. What is the direction of the associated force at location A? At location B? At location C? Rank the magnitude of the force at locations A,B and C. (That is, which is greatest , which is smallest, and are any of these equal to each other?) For the energy level shown on the graph, draw a line whose height is the kinetic energy when the system is at location D.

(b) Figure 8.42 shows all of the quantized energies (bound states) for one of these molecules. The energy for each state is given on the graph, in electron volts ( 1eV=1.61019J). How much energy is required to break a molecule apart, if it is initially in the ground state? (Note that the final state must be an unbound state; the unbound states are not quantized.)

(c) At high enough temperatures, in a collection of these molecules there will be at all times some molecules in each of these states, and light will be emitted. What are the energies in electron volts of the emitted light?

(d) The "inertial" mass of the molecule is the mass that appears in Newton's second law, and it determines how much acceleration will result from applying a given force. Compare the inertial mass of a molecule in the ground state and the inertial mass of a molecule in an excited state10eV above the ground state. If there is a difference, briefly explain why and calculate the difference. If there isn't a difference, briefly explain why not.)

Suppose we have reason to suspect that a certain quantum object has only three quantum states. When we excite such an object we observe that it emits electromagnetic radiation of three different energies: 2.48eV(green), 1.91eV(orange), and 0.57eV(infrared). (a) Propose two possible energy-level schemes for this system. (b) Explain how to use an absorption measurement to distinguish between the two proposed schemes.

A certain material is kept at very low temperature. It is observed that when photons with energies between 0.2 and 0.9 eV strike the material, only photons of 0.4 eV and 0.7 eV are absorbed. Next, the material is warmed up so that it starts to emit photons. When it has been warmed up enough that 0.7 eV photons begin to be emitted, what other photon energies are also observed to be emitted by the material? Explain briefly.

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