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Chapter 10: Problem 47

Alumni Donations The alumni office wishes to determine whether students who attend a reception with alumni just before graduation are more likely to donate money within the next two years. a. Describe a study based on a sample of students that would allow the alumni office to conclude that attending the reception causes future donations but that it is not possible to generalize this result to all students. b. Describe a study based on a sample of students that does not allow fundraisers to conclude that attending receptions causes future donations but does allow them to generalize to all students. c. Describe a study based on a sample of students that allows fundraisers to conclude that attending the reception causes future donations and also allows them to generalize to all students.

Short Answer

Expert verified
a) A study with control and experimental groups can determine causation in the sample but not generalization. b) A survey-based study can generate results applicable to a broader population but can't determine causation. c) A randomized controlled trial can provide evidence for both causation and generalization.

Step by step solution

01

Answer a

For a study that could possibly determine causation but not generality, a sample of students could be selected, divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group would consist of students who are not invited to the reception, while the experimental group would consist of students who are invited. After graduation, track if the students donate within the next two years. If the experimental group donates more, one could argue that attending the reception causes higher likelihood of future donations. However, since the study only involved a specific sample of students and not the entire student population, this result can't be generalized to all students.
02

Answer b

To create a study that allows for generalization but not necessarily causation, a survey could be conducted among all students asking whether they attended the reception and whether they intend to donate after graduation. With these responses, fundraisers may be able to identify an association between attendance and intent to donate, but causation can't be conclusively established as other factors at play aren't controlled.
03

Answer c

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) would allow for both causation and generalization. All students would be randomly assigned to either attend the reception or not. The number of donations from each group would be tracked over the next two years. If the group that attended donates more, then it could be concluded that attending the reception leads to more donations. The results could be generalized to all students as the randomization would minimize biases and allow the result to apply to the population from which the sample was drawn.

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