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Chapter 18: Q1Q (page 755)
What is the most important general difference between a system in steady state and a system in equilibrium?
In steady state the charges inside the conductor are in motion but in equilibrium there are no charges inside the conductor.
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In a circuit with one battery, connecting wires, and a length of Nichrome wire, a compass deflection of is observed. What compass deflection would you expect in a circuit containing two batteries in a series, connecting wires and a length of thicker Nichrome wire (double the cross-sectional area of the thin piece)? Explain.
In a table like the one shown, write an inequality comparing each quantity in the steady state for a narrow resistor and thick connecting wires, which are made of the same material as the resistor.
Electron current in resistor | <,=, or > | Electron current in Thick Wires |
nR | nw | |
AR | Aw | |
uR | uw | |
ER | Ew | |
vR | vw |
Suppose that wire A and wire B are made of different metals and are subjected to the same electric field in two different circuits. Wire B has the 6 times the cross sectional area, 1.3 times as many mobile electrons per cubic centimetre and 4 times the mobility of wire A. In the steady state \({\bf{2 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{18}}}}\) electrons enters wire A every second. How many electrons enter wire B every second?
The drift speed in a copper wire is for a typical electron current. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field inside the copper wire. The mobility of mobile electrons in copper is . (Note that though the electric field in the wire is very small, it is adequate to push a sizable electron current through the copper wire.)
Question: The following questions refer to the circuit shown in Figure 18.114, consisting of two flashlight batteries and two Nichrome wires of different lengths and different thicknesses as shown (corresponding roughly to your own thick and thin Nichrome wires).
The thin wire is 50 cm long, and its diameter is 0.25 mm. The thick wire is 15 cm long, and its diameter is 0.35 mm. (a) The emf of each flashlight battery is 1.5 V. Determine the steady-state electric field inside each Nichrome wire. Remember that in the steady state you must satisfy both the current node rule and energy conservation. These two principles give you two equations for the two unknown fields. (b) The electron mobility
in room-temperature Nichrome is about . Show that it takes an electron 36 min to drift through the two Nichrome wires from location B to location A. (c) On the other hand, about how long did it take to establish the steady state when the circuit was first assembled? Give a very approximate numerical answer, not a precise one. (d) There are about
mobile electrons per cubic meter in Nichrome. How many electrons cross the junction between the two wires every second?
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