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Layoffs and 鈥渟urvivor guilt鈥 Workers who survive a layoff of other employees at their location may suffer from 鈥渟urvivor guilt.鈥 A study of survivor guilt and its effects used as subjects 120students who were offered an opportunity to earn extra course credit by doing proofreading. Each subject worked in the same cubicle as another student, who was an accomplice of the experimenters. At a break midway through the work, one of three things happened:

Treatment 1: The accomplice was told to leave; it was explained that this was because she performed poorly.

Treatment 2: It was explained that unforeseen circumstances meant there was only enough work for one person. By 鈥渃hance,鈥 the accomplice was chosen to be laid off.

Treatment 3: Both students continued to work after the break. The subjects鈥 work performance after the break was compared with their performance before the break. Overall, subjects worked harder when told the other student鈥檚 dismissal was random.

Describe how you would randomly assign the subjects to the treatments

a. using slips of paper.

b. using technology.

c. using Table D.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Part(a) Write all the numbers seperately by using slips of paper.

Part(b) We can assign three treatments to different volunteers at random using technology.

Part(c) Give each pupil a different number by using Table D.

Step by step solution

01

Part(a) Step 1 : Given information

We need to randomly assign the subjects to the treatments using slips of paper.

02

Part(a) Step 2 : Simplify

Write the digits 1,2,3on separate pieces of paper.
Arrange the sheets on a table, numbers facing down.
Mix the sheets together until you can't tell which number belongs where on the table.
Choose one of the slips of paper and apply the treatment that corresponds to the number to the subject.
Continue until all of the subjects have been given a therapy.

03

Part(b) Step 1 : Given information

We need to randomly assign the subjects to the treatments using technology.

04

Part(b) Step 2 : Simplify

The researchers investigated the effects of survivor guilt on employees when their coworkers are laid off from the company in this study.
As a result, it is assumed that there are 120 students.
Give each pupil a different number between 1and 120.
Using technology, we must randomly allocate the participants to the treatment.
This can be accomplished in the following ways:
To do so, create 40random numbers ranging from 1to 120in Excel and assign them to treatment 1.
Use the =RANDBETWEEN (1,120) function.
Ignore the recurrences.
Select 40(unique) students for treatment 2in the same way (who were not in the group for treatment 1 ).
Treatment 3will be given to the remaining 40 kids.


05

Part(c) Step 1 : Given information

We need to randomly assign the subjects to the treatments using Table D.

06

Part(c) Step 2 : Simplify

As a result, it is assumed that there are 120 students.
Give each pupil a different number between 1 and 120.
Using Table D, we must assign the participants to the treatment at random.
This can be accomplished in the following ways:
To begin, select a row from table D.
Choose a three-digit number as the first.
If the number is between 001and 120, choose the student from treatment 1; otherwise, move on to the next three-digit number.
For treatment 1, 40 (unique) pupils from the repeat unit have been chosen.
Select 40(unique) students for treatment 2(who were not in the treatment 1group). The remaining 40students will be assigned to treatment 3.


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Most popular questions from this chapter

Growing in the shade- The ability to grow in shade may help pine trees found in the dry forests of Arizona to resist drought. How well do these pines grow in shade? Investigators planted pine seedlings in a greenhouse in either full light, light reduced to 25% of normal by shade cloth, or light reduced to 5% of normal. At the end of

the study, they dried the young trees and weighed them. Identify the experimental units and the treatments.

The Willowbrook and hepatitis Bstudies In the 1960s, children entering the Willowbrook State School, an institution for the intellectually disabled on Staten Island in New York, were deliberately infected with hepatitis. The researchers argued that almost all children in the institution quickly become infected anyway. The studies showed for the first time that two strains of hepatitis existed. This finding contributed to the development of effective vaccines. Despite these valuable results, the Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research. Explain why, according to current ethical standards, useful results are not enough to allow a study.

In the experiment of the preceding exercise, the subjects were randomly assigned to the

different treatments. What is the most important reason for this random assignment?

a. Random assignment eliminates the effects of other variables such as stress and body

weight.

b. Random assignment is a good way to create groups of subjects that are roughly

equivalent at the beginning of the experiment.

c. Random assignment makes it possible to make a conclusion about all men.

d. Random assignment reduces the amount of variation in blood pressure.

e. Random assignment prevents the placebo effect from ruining the results of the study.

Unequal benefitsResearchers on aging proposed investigating the effect of

supplemental health services on the quality of life of older people. Eligible patients on

The rolls of a large medical clinic were to be randomly assigned to treatment and control.

groups. The treatment group would be offered hearing aids, dentures, transportation, and other services not available without charge to the control group. The review board believed that providing these services to some but not other people in the same institution raised ethical questions. Do you agree?

A local news agency conducted a survey about unemployment by randomly dialing phone

numbers during the work day until it gathered responses from 1000 adults in its state. In

the survey, 19% of those who responded said they were not currently employed. In reality,

only 6% of the adults in the state were not currently employed at the time of the survey.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the two percentages?

a. The difference is due to sampling variability. We shouldn鈥檛 expect the results of a

random sample to match the truth about the population every time.

b. The difference is due to response bias. Adults who are employed are likely to lie and

say that they are unemployed.

c. The difference is due to undercoverage bias. The survey included only adults and did

not include teenagers who are eligible to work.

d. The difference is due to nonresponse bias. Adults who are employed are less likely to

be available for the sample than adults who are unemployed.

e. The difference is due to voluntary response. Adults are able to volunteer as a member

of the sample.

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