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Chapter 4: 115-Exercise (page 283)

The Willowbrook and hepatitis Bstudies In the 1960s, children entering the Willowbrook State School, an institution for the intellectually disabled on Staten Island in New York, were deliberately infected with hepatitis. The researchers argued that almost all children in the institution quickly become infected anyway. The studies showed for the first time that two strains of hepatitis existed. This finding contributed to the development of effective vaccines. Despite these valuable results, the Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research. Explain why, according to current ethical standards, useful results are not enough to allow a study.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research because they did not protect the participants from harm.

Step by step solution

01

Step 1:Given:The Willowbrook and hepatitis B studies In the 1960s, children entering the Willowbrook State School, an institution for the intellectually disabled on Staten Island in New York, were deliberately infected with hepatitis. The researchers argued that almost all children in the institution quickly become infected anyway. The studies showed for the first time that two strains of hepatitis existed. This finding contributed to the development of effective vaccines. Despite these valuable results, the Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research.

I have to verify this statement.

02

Step 2:A situation is given.

The Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research because they did not protect the participants from harm. New patients who were healthy were subjected to infectious disease. Furthermore, researchers stated that the children would more than likely become infected during their time at Willowbrook.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Two essential features of all statistically designed experiments are

a. comparing several treatments; using the double-blind method.

b. comparing several treatments; using chance to assign subjects to treatments.

c. always having a placebo group; using the double-blind method.

d. using a block design; using chance to assign subjects to treatments.

e. using enough subjects; always having a control group.

Rude surgeons, Is a friendly surgeon a better surgeon? In a study of more than 32,000

surgical patients from 7 different medical centers, researchers classified surgeons by the number of unsolicited complaints that had been recorded about their behavior. The researchers found that surgical complications were significantly more common in patients whose surgeons had received the most complaints, compared with patients whose surgeons had received the fewest complaints. What conclusion can we draw from this study? Explain your reasoning.

To investigate if standing up while studying affects performance in an algebra class, a teacher assigns half of the 30students in his class to stand up while studying and assigns the other half to not stand up while studying. To determine who receives which treatment, the teacher identifies the two students who did best on the last exam and randomly assigns one to stand and one to not stand. The teacher does the same for the next two highest-scoring students and continues in this manner until each student is assigned a treatment.

Which of the following best describes this plan?

a. This is an observational study.

b. This is an experiment with blocking.

c. This is a completely randomized experiment.

d. This is a stratified random sample.

e. This is a cluster sample.

Unequal benefitsResearchers on aging proposed investigating the effect of

supplemental health services on the quality of life of older people. Eligible patients on

The rolls of a large medical clinic were to be randomly assigned to treatment and control.

groups. The treatment group would be offered hearing aids, dentures, transportation, and other services not available without charge to the control group. The review board believed that providing these services to some but not other people in the same institution raised ethical questions. Do you agree?

A TV station wishes to obtain information on the TV viewing habits in its market area.

The market area contains one city of population 170,000, another city of70,000, and

four towns of about 5000residents each. The station suspects that the viewing habits

may be different in larger and smaller cities and in the rural areas. Which of the

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a. A stratified sample from the cities and towns in the market area

b. A cluster sample using the cities and towns as clusters

c. A convenience sample from the market area

d. A simple random sample from the market area

e. An online poll that invites all people from the cities and towns in the market area to

participate.
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