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Why men and women play sports Do men and women participate in sports for the same reasons? One goal for sports participants is social comparision鈥攖he desire to win or to do better than other people. Another is mastery鈥攖he desire to improve one鈥檚 skills or to try one鈥檚 best. A study on why students participate in sports collected data from independent random samples of 67 male and 67 female under-graduates at a large university 15 Each student was classified into one of four categories based on his or her responses to a questionnaire about sports goals. The four categories were high social comparison鈥 high mastery (HSC-HM), high social comparison鈥 low mastery (HSC-LM), low social comparison鈥揾igh mastery (LSC-HM), and low social comparison鈥搇ow mastery (LSC-LM). One purpose of the study was to compare the goals of male and female students. Here are the data displayed in a two-way table: Observed Counts for Sports Goals

(a) Check that the conditions for performing the chi-square test are met.

(b) Use Table C to find the P-value. Then use your calculator鈥檚 C2cdf command.

(c) Interpret the P-value from the calculator in context.

(d) What conclusion would you draw? Justify your answer.

Short Answer

Expert verified

a)The given information satisfies each condition. As a result, the chi-square test can be applied to the given dataset.

b)The p-value is0.1.621759222E-5.

c) If the null hypothesis is true, the p-value represents the probability of obtaining results that are as extreme as the test statistic value. If there is no relationship between gender and sports goal, the likelihood of getting a sample as extreme or more extreme than the given sample is 0.1.621759222E-5.

d) There is enough evidence to conclude that there is a relationship between the variables' goal and sex.

Step by step solution

01

Part a Step 1 Given Information

Given that

02

Part a Step 2 Explanation

The expected table is

The following conditions must be met in order to use the chi-square test: - Two categorical variables.

- Each variable has two or more categories.

- Observation independence - Expected frequency for each cell is at least 1 or should be at least 5 for the majority (80%) of the cells.

Because the given information satisfies each condition. As a result, the chi-square test can be applied to the given dataset.

03

Part b Step 1 Given Information

The test statistics is24.8978.

04

Part b Step 2 Explanation

df=(n-1)(m-1)

p-value=P2>text2

df=(4-1)(2-1)

df=(4-1)(2-1)

= 3

There is the following commend to find p-value on TI83,

"2cdf(24.8978,99,3)"

The output is,

localid="1653293946609" Sothe p-value is0.1621759222E-5.

05

Part c Step 1 Given Information

06

Part c Step 2 Explanation

H0:There is no difference in the distribution sports goalsfor male and female undergraduates at the university

H1:There is a difference in the distribution sports goalsfor male and female undergraduates at the university

If the null hypothesis is true, the p-value represents the probability of obtaining results that are as extreme as the test statistic value. If there is no relationship between gender and sports goal, the likelihood of getting a sample as extreme or more extreme than the given sample is0.1621759222E-5.

07

Part d Step 1 Given Information

08

Part d Step 2 Explanation

When the pvalue is less than the level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected.

In this case, thepvalue is less than the level of significance. As a result, the null hypothesis is rejected.

As a result, there is enough evidence to conclude that there is a relationship between the variables goal and sex.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Refer to Exercise 28. Do the data provide convincing evidence of a difference in the distributions of opinions about how high schools are doing among black, Hispanic, and white parents?

(a) State appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for a significance test to help answer this question.

(b) Calculate the expected counts. Show your work.

(c) Calculate the chi-square statistic. Show your work.

The expected count of females who respond 鈥渁lmost certain鈥 is

(a) 464.6.

(b) 891.2.

(c) 1038.8.

(d) 1174.

(e) None of these.

Refer to Exercises 2 and 4.

(a) Confirm that the expected counts are large enough to use a chi-square distribution. Which distribution (specify the degrees of freedom) should you use?

(b) Sketch a graph like Figure 11.4 (page 683) that shows the P-value.

(c) Use Table C to find the P-value. Then use your calculator鈥檚 C2cdf command.

(d) What conclusion would you draw about whether the roulette wheel is operating correctly? Justify your answer

Gregor Mendel (1822鈥1884), an Austrian monk, is considered the father of genetics. Mendel studied the inheritance of various traits in pea plants. One such trait is whether the pea is smooth or wrinkled. Mendel predicted a ratio of 3smooth peas for every 1 wrinkled pea. In one experiment, he observed 423 smooth and133 wrinkled peas. The data were produced in such a way that the Random and Independent conditions are met. Carry out a chi-square goodness-of-fit test based on Mendel鈥檚 prediction. What do you conclude?

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