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Why men and women play sports Do men and women participate in sports for the same reasons? One goal for sports participants is social comparision鈥攖he desire to win or to do better than other people. Another is mastery鈥攖he desire to improve one鈥檚 skills or to try one鈥檚 best. A study on why students participate in sports collected data from independent random samples of 67 male and 67 female under-graduates at a large university 15 Each student was classified into one of four categories based on his or her responses to a questionnaire about sports goals. The four categories were high social comparison鈥 high mastery (HSC-HM), high social comparison鈥 low mastery (HSC-LM), low social comparison鈥揾igh mastery (LSC-HM), and low social comparison鈥搇ow mastery (LSC-LM). One purpose of the study was to compare the goals of male and female students. Here are the data displayed in a two-way table: Observed Counts for Sports Goals

(a) Check that the conditions for performing the chi-square test are met.

(b) Use Table C to find the P-value. Then use your calculator鈥檚 C2cdf command.

(c) Interpret the P-value from the calculator in context.

(d) What conclusion would you draw? Justify your answer.

Short Answer

Expert verified

a)The given information satisfies each condition. As a result, the chi-square test can be applied to the given dataset.

b)The p-value is0.1.621759222E-5.

c) If the null hypothesis is true, the p-value represents the probability of obtaining results that are as extreme as the test statistic value. If there is no relationship between gender and sports goal, the likelihood of getting a sample as extreme or more extreme than the given sample is 0.1.621759222E-5.

d) There is enough evidence to conclude that there is a relationship between the variables' goal and sex.

Step by step solution

01

Part a Step 1 Given Information

Given that

02

Part a Step 2 Explanation

The expected table is

The following conditions must be met in order to use the chi-square test: - Two categorical variables.

- Each variable has two or more categories.

- Observation independence - Expected frequency for each cell is at least 1 or should be at least 5 for the majority (80%) of the cells.

Because the given information satisfies each condition. As a result, the chi-square test can be applied to the given dataset.

03

Part b Step 1 Given Information

The test statistics is24.8978.

04

Part b Step 2 Explanation

df=(n-1)(m-1)

p-value=P2>text2

df=(4-1)(2-1)

df=(4-1)(2-1)

= 3

There is the following commend to find p-value on TI83,

"2cdf(24.8978,99,3)"

The output is,

localid="1653293946609" Sothe p-value is0.1621759222E-5.

05

Part c Step 1 Given Information

06

Part c Step 2 Explanation

H0:There is no difference in the distribution sports goalsfor male and female undergraduates at the university

H1:There is a difference in the distribution sports goalsfor male and female undergraduates at the university

If the null hypothesis is true, the p-value represents the probability of obtaining results that are as extreme as the test statistic value. If there is no relationship between gender and sports goal, the likelihood of getting a sample as extreme or more extreme than the given sample is0.1621759222E-5.

07

Part d Step 1 Given Information

08

Part d Step 2 Explanation

When the pvalue is less than the level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected.

In this case, thepvalue is less than the level of significance. As a result, the null hypothesis is rejected.

As a result, there is enough evidence to conclude that there is a relationship between the variables goal and sex.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Sample surveys on sensitive issues can give different results depending on how the question is asked. A University of Wisconsin study randomly divided 2400 respondents into three groups. All participants were asked if they had ever used cocaine. One group of 800 was interviewed by phone; 21% said they had used cocaine. Another 800 people were asked the question in a one-on-one personal interview; 25% said 鈥淵es.鈥 The remaining 800 were allowed to make an anonymous written response; 28% said 鈥淵es.鈥

1. Was this an experiment or an observational study? Justify your answer.

Orange, lemon, cherry, raspberry, blueberry, and lime are among the six fruit flavours available in Kellogg's Froot Loops cereal. Charise counted the number of cereal pieces in each flavour as she poured out her morning bowl of cereal. Here are her statistics.

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(a) The null hypothesis is that the closer students get to graduation, the less likely they are to be opposed to tuition increases. The alternative is that how close students are to graduation makes no difference in their opinion.

(b) The null hypothesis is that the mean number of students who are strongly opposed is the same for each of the four years. The alternative is that the mean is different for at least two of the four years.

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Who were the popular kids at your elementary school? Did they get good grades or have good looks? Were they good at sports? A study was performed to examine the factors that determine social status for children in grades 4,5, and 6. Researchers administered a questionnaire to a random sample of 478students in these grades. One of the questions they asked was 鈥淲hat would you most like to do at school: make good grades, be good at sports, or be popular?鈥 The two-way table below summarizes the students鈥 responses.

GoalGenderGradesPopularSportsFemale1309130Male1175060

(a) Construct an appropriate graph to compare male and female responses. Write a few sentences describing the relationship between gender and goals.

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Your teacher prepares a large container full of colored beads. She claims that 1/8of the beads are red, 1/4are blue, and the remainder are yellow. Your class will take a simple random sample of beads from the container to test the teacher鈥檚 claim. The smallest number of beads you can take so that the conditions for performing inference are met is

(a) 15. (c) 30. (e) 80.

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