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Chapter 2: Problem 4

Can choosing the right music make wine taste better? This question was investigated by a researcher at a university in Edinburgh (www. decanter.com/news). Each of 250 volunteers was assigned at random to one of five rooms where they were asked to taste and rate a glass of wine. In one of the rooms, no music was playing and a different style of music was playing in each of the other four rooms. The researchers concluded that cabernet sauvignon is perceived as being richer and more robust when bold music is played than when no music is heard. a. Is the study described an observational study or an experiment? b. Can a case be made for the researcher's conclusion that the music played was the cause for the higher rating? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. The study described is an experiment due to the random assignment of volunteers to different rooms where varying music treatments were applied. b. There are some grounds for attributing the higher wine rating to music, but it's not definitive. The experiment provides evidence of an association but does not conclusively demonstrate a cause-effect relationship, especially if there were lack of control for other confounding variables.

Step by step solution

01

Classify the Study

First, let's identify if the study is an observational study or an experiment. In an observational study, no treatment is applied, and we simply observe characteristics and take measurements. In an experiment, a treatment is deliberately imposed on the individuals in the study to observe their responses. Here, different styles of music (the treatment) was deliberately imposed in the different rooms, and the wine ratings (the responses) were observed. Each volunteer was randomly assigned to any one of the five rooms. Thus, this is an experiment.
02

Determine the Potential Cause-Effect Relationship

Next, let's consider whether a case can be made for the researcher's conclusion that the music played was the cause for the higher rating. A causal conclusion could be drawn from an experiment ONLY when the experiment is a completely randomized, controlled experiment, which isolates the effects of the treatment by controlling all other confounding variables. In this experiment, though it appears that the style of music has been controlled by being varied among rooms, it's not explicitly mentioned whether other confounding variables such as the wine temperature, the size of the wine glass, the room environment, or the taster's emotional and physical state were controlled. Therefore, while the experiment provides evidence of an association, it might not conclusively demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between music and wine rating.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Observational Study
An observational study involves monitoring subjects without manipulating any factors. It's like being a fly on the wall, where you watch and take notes without interfering. This kind of study measures certain variables but does not apply treatments.
In the wine tasting scenario discussed, volunteers could have been observed sipping wine as they normally would, without anyone influencing their environment by playing music.
If this was the case, it would qualify as an observational study. However, in the described experiment, treatments (music styles) were intentionally introduced, making it more controlled than observational.
Controlled Experiment
A controlled experiment gives power to researchers by allowing them to manipulate one or several variables, known as treatments. This involves imposing certain conditions and observing the outcomes.
In this study, music played the role of a treatment. Different styles were deliberately imposed in separate rooms to see how they influenced volunteers' wine perceptions.
By randomly assigning 250 participants to different rooms, the researcher set up conditions to observe the effects of music on wine taste ratings. This control makes the study more than just observational. It is an experiment鈥攁 controlled one.
Confounding Variables
Confounding variables are tricky elements that can impact the study outcome unintentionally. They are sneaky little details that can make results unclear by interfering with the cause-effect relationship.
In the context of this experiment, numerous confounding variables could have played a role. Factors like
  • the temperature of the wine,
  • the size of the glass,
  • the ambiance of the room,
  • or even the mood of the participants
can become potential confounders.
Not controlling these factors can muddy the findings, as each can influence how the wine is perceived, independent of the music. Without clear control of these variables, the results could be questioned.
Random Assignment
Random assignment is a cornerstone technique in experiments that helps in distributing participant characteristics evenly across treatment groups. It minimizes biases that might exist if the groups were self-selected or picked non-randomly.
In our example, random assignment ensured every volunteer had an equal chance of being placed in any one of the five rooms. This method helps to balance out unknown factors among the groups.
Randomly assigning participants to different music conditions helps disentangle the effect of music on wine perception from other personal characteristics or biases.
Thus, it offers a better chance at drawing more reliable conclusions from the experiment.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The article "Television's Value to Kids: It's All in How They Use It" (Seattle Times, July 6,2005\()\) described a study in which researchers analyzed standardized test results and television viewing habits of 1700 children. They found that children who averaged more than 2 hours of television viewing per day when they were younger than 3 tended to score lower on measures of reading ability and short-term memory. a. Is the study described an observational study or an experiment? b. Is it reasonable to conclude that watching two or more hours of television is the cause of lower reading scores? Explain.

The authors of the paper "Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults' Use of the Internet" (Communication Research [2008]: \(602-621\) ) were interested in determining if people with higher levels of education use the Internet in different ways than those who do not have as much formal education. To answer this question, they used data from a national telephone survey. Approximately 1300 households were selected for the survey, and 270 of them completed the interview. What type of bias should the researchers be concerned about and why?

Explain why some studies include both a control group and a placebo treatment. What additional comparisons are possible if both a control group and a placebo group are included?

Briefly explain why it is advisable to avoid the use of convenience samples.

For each of the situations described, state whether the sampling procedure is simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, or convenience sampling. a. All first-year students at a university are enrolled in 1 of 30 sections of a seminar course. To select a sample of freshmen at this university, a researcher selects four sections of the seminar course at random from the 30 sections and all students in the four selected sections are included in the sample. b. To obtain a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a university, a researcher randomly selects 50 faculty members from a list of faculty, 100 students from a list of students, and 30 staff members from a list of staff. c. A university researcher obtains a sample of students at his university by using the 85 students enrolled in his Psychology 101 class. d. To obtain a sample of the seniors at a particular high school, a researcher writes the name of each senior on a slip of paper, places the slips in a box and mixes them, and then selects 10 slips. The students whose names are on the selected slips of paper are included in the sample. e. To obtain a sample of those attending a basketball game, a researcher selects the 24 th person through the door. Then, every 50 th person after that is also included in the sample.
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