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Chapter 12: Problem 3

Epinephrine promotes the utilization of stored glycogen for glycolysis and ATP production in muscles. How does epinephrine promote the use of liver glycogen stores for generating the energy needed by contracting muscles?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Epinephrine enables the use of liver glycogen stores for generating the energy needed for contracting muscles by triggering glycogenolysis, a process in which glycogen is broken down into glucose. This glucose can then be metabolized to provide ATP, serving as a source of energy.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding of Epinephrine

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone produced mainly by adrenal glands in response to stress - such as during intense physical activity. It prepares the body for the 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels from liver glycogen stores.
02

Understanding the process of glycogenolysis

Liver glycogen is a reserve pool of glucose in the body. Glycogenolysis is the process in which glycogen is broken down into glucose-1-phosphate and then converted into glucose-6-phosphate. This molecule can then enter glycolysis of the liver cells to be converted into ATP, which serves as a rapid source of energy.
03

Role of Epinephrine in activation of Glycogenolysis

Epinephrine triggers activation of a G-protein that in turn activates adenylyl cyclase. This enzyme catalyzes the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). High cAMP levels activate protein kinase A (PKA), which then phosphorylates and activates the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase鈥搕he key enzyme in glycogen breakdown. This overall process leads to a rapid increase in glucose levels, providing the necessary energy for muscle contraction.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Individuals with a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase (McArdle's disease) cannot exercise strenuously due to muscular cramping. Exertion in these patients leads to a much greater than normal increase in cellular ADP and \(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}\). Furthermore, lactic acid does not accumulate in the muscles of these patients, as it does in normal individuals. Explain the chemical imbalances in McArdle鈥檚 disease.

The polypeptide hormone glucagon is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. In liver cells, glucagon plays a major role in regulating the rates of the opposing glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways by influencing the concentrations of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6 BP). If glucagon causes a decrease in the concentrations of F2,6 BP, how does this result in an increase in blood glucose levels?

In many tissues, one of the earliest responses to cellular injury is a rapid increase in the levels of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. Ten days after an injury, heart tissue has levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase that are 20 to 30 times higher than normal, whereas the levels of glycolytic enzymes are only \(10 \%\) to \(20 \%\) of normal. Suggest an explanation for this phenomenon.

(a) How does the glucose-alanine cycle allow muscle pyruvate to be used for liver gluconeogenesis and subsequently returned to muscles as glucose? (b) Does the glucose-alanine cycle ultimately provide more energy for muscles than the Cori cycle does?

a) Is the energy required to synthesize glycogen from glucose 6-phosphate greater than the energy obtained when glycogen is degraded to glucose 6-phosphate? (b) During exercise, glycogen in both muscle and liver cells can be converted to glucose metabolites for ATP generation in the muscles. Do liver glycogen and muscle glycogen supply the same amount of ATP to the muscles?
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