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Chapter 12: Q80E. (page 713)

For each of the following pairs of reaction diagrams, identify which of the pair iscatalyzed:

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) Reaction diagram (b) is a catalyzed reaction.

(b) Reaction diagram (b) is a catalyzed reaction.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Catalyst

Catalysts are substances which increase the rate of the reaction without getting used up by themselves while decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.

  • A catalyst increases the rate of reaction.
  • Catalyst accelerates the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy.
  • Catalyst is regenerated during the reaction.
02

(a) Reaction diagram (b) uses a catalyst

  • The two reaction diagrams depict the same reaction, one with a catalyst and another without a catalyst.
  • We can ignore the energy aspect of the diagram as the catalyst does not involve in affecting the energy of the reactant or product.
  • But we can notice a small change in the transition state, which is lower in diagram (b) than in diagram (a).

This indicates the presence of a catalyst in diagram (b).

03

(b) Reaction diagram (b) uses a catalyst 

  • The two reaction diagrams depict the same reaction, one with a catalyst and another without a catalyst.
  • We can notice a small change in the transition state, which is lower in diagram (b) than in diagram (a).

This indicates the presence of a catalyst in diagram (b).Thus, the reaction diagram (b) is catalyzed among both pairs of reaction diagrams (a) and (b).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The hydrolysis of the sugar sucrose to the sugars glucose and fructose, \({{\bf{C}}_{{\bf{12}}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{22}}}}{{\bf{O}}_{{\bf{11}}}}{\bf{ + }}{{\bf{H}}_{\bf{2}}}{\bf{O}} \to {{\bf{C}}_{\bf{6}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{12}}}}{{\bf{O}}_{\bf{6}}}{\bf{ + }}{{\bf{C}}_{\bf{6}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{12}}}}{{\bf{O}}_{\bf{6}}}\) follows a first-order rate equation for the disappearance of sucrose: \({\bf{Rate = k}}\left( {{{\bf{C}}_{{\bf{12}}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{22}}}}{{\bf{O}}_{{\bf{11}}}}} \right)\) (The products of the reaction, glucose and fructose, have the same molecular formulas but differ in the arrangement of the atoms in their molecules.)

  1. In neutral solution, \({\bf{k = 2}}{\bf{.1 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{ - 11}}}}{{\bf{s}}^{{\bf{ - 1}}}}\) at 27 掳C and \({\bf{8}}{\bf{.5 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{ - 11}}}}{{\bf{s}}^{{\bf{ - 1}}}}\) at 37 掳C. Determine the activation energy, the frequency factor, and the rate constant for this equation at 47 掳C (assuming the kinetics remain consistent with the Arrhenius equation at this temperature).
  2. When a solution of sucrose with an initial concentration of 0.150 M reaches equilibrium, the concentration of sucrose is\({\bf{1}}{\bf{.65 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{ - 7}}}}{\bf{ M}}\). How long will it take the solution to reach equilibrium at 27 掳C in the absence of a catalyst? Because the concentration of sucrose at equilibrium is so low, assume that the reaction is irreversible.
  3. Why does assuming that the reaction is irreversible simplify the calculation in part (b)?

Account for the increase in reaction rate brought about by a catalyst.

Radioactive phosphorus is used in the study of biochemical reaction mechanisms because phosphorus atoms are components of many biochemical molecules. The location of the phosphorus (and the location of the molecule it is bound in) can be detected from the electrons (beta particles) it produces:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}_{{\bf{15}}}^{{\bf{32}}}{\bf{P}} \to _{{\bf{16}}}^{{\bf{32}}}{\bf{S + }}{{\bf{e}}^{\bf{ - }}}\\{\bf{rate = 4}}{\bf{.85 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{ - 2}}}}\,{\bf{da}}{{\bf{y}}^{{\bf{ - 1}}}}{{\bf{(}}^{{\bf{32}}}}{\bf{p)}}\end{aligned}\)

What is the instantaneous rate of production of electrons in a sample with a phosphorus concentration of \({\bf{0}}{\bf{.0033 M}}\)?

A study of the rate of dimerization of \({{\bf{C}}_{\bf{4}}}{{\bf{H}}_{\bf{6}}}\) gave the data shown in:

\({\bf{2}}{{\bf{C}}_{\bf{4}}}{{\bf{H}}_{\bf{6}}} \to {{\bf{C}}_{\bf{8}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{12}}}}\)

  1. Determine the average rate of dimerization between 0 s and 1600 s, and between 1600 s and 3200 s.
  2. Estimate the instantaneous rate of dimerization at 3200 s from a graph of time versus (\({{\bf{C}}_{\bf{4}}}{{\bf{H}}_{\bf{6}}}\)). What are the units of this rate?

(c) Determine the average rate of formation of \({{\bf{C}}_{\bf{8}}}{{\bf{H}}_{{\bf{12}}}}\) at 1600 s and the instantaneous rate of formation at 3200 s from the rates found in parts (a) and (b).

Nitrogen monoxide reacts with chlorine according to the equation:

2NO(g) + Cl\({}_2\)(g)鉄� 2NOCl(g) The following initial rates of reaction have been observed for certain reactant concentrations:

What is the rate law that describes the rate鈥檚 dependence on the concentrations of NO and Cl2? What is the rate constant? What are the orders with respect to each reactant?
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