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Chapter 2: Problem 12

Describe the significance of nonparentals with regard to the law of independent assortment. In other words, explain how the appearance of nonparentals refutes a linkage hypothesis.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The appearance of nonparentals (or recombinants) refutes a linkage hypothesis because it shows that genes can assort independently during meiosis, supporting the law of independent assortment. Their presence is indicative of genetic recombination, where chromosomes 'cross over' and exchange segments, contradicting the idea that genes are always linked and inherited together.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Key Terms

Firstly, it's crucial to understand the key terms involved. The law of independent assortment is a principle stating that genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another during the formation of reproductive cells. The linkage hypothesis refers to the assertion that genes are linked in inheritance, meaning that they are inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome. Nonparentals (recombinants) are offspring that display a different combination of traits from their parents.
02

Significance of Nonparentals

Nonparental types result from genetic recombination, a process that explains why, during reproduction, the child may end up with a different combination of traits than their parents. This process occurs during meiosis, where chromosomes cross over and exchange segments, leading to new combinations of traits.
03

Link to Independent Assortment

The occurrence of nonparentals indicates that genes are not linked and can assort independently during meiosis. This refutes a linkage hypothesis because if genes were linked, there would be no recombination to produce nonparentals. The offspring would display only the parental combinations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Honeybees are unusual in that male bees (drones) have only one copy of each gene, but female bees have two copies of their genes. This difference arises because drones develop from eggs that have not been fertilized by sperm cells. In bees, the trait of long wings is dominant over short wings, and the trait of black eyes is dominant over white eyes. If a drone with short wings and black eyes was mated to a queen bee that is heterozygous for both genes, what are the predicted genotypes and phenotypes of male and female offspring? What are the phenotypic ratios if we assume an equal number of male and female offspring?

With regard to genotypes, what is a true-breeding organism?

A true-breeding pea plant with round and green seeds was crossed to a true- breeding plant with wrinkled and yellow seeds. Round and yellow seeds are the dominant traits. The \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) plants were allowed to self-fertilize. What are the following probabilities for the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) generation? A. An \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plant with wrinkled, yellow seeds. B. Three out of three \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plants with round, yellow seeds. C. Five \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plants in the following order: two have round, yellow seeds; one has round, green seeds; and two have wrinkled, green seeds. D. An \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plant will not have round, yellow seeds.

What are the expected phenotypic ratios from the following cross: Tt Rr yy Aa \(\times\) Tt rr \(Y Y A a\), where \(T=\) tall, \(t=\) dwarf, \(R=\) round, \(r=\) wrinkled, \(Y=\) yellow, \(y=\) green, \(A=\) axial, \(a=\operatorname{terminal} ; T, R\), \(Y\), and \(A\) are dominant alleles. Note: Consider using the multiplication method in answering this problem.

How can you determine whether an organism is heterozygous or homozygous for a dominant trait?
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