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Chapter 18: Q18.2-5CC. (page 376)

Suppose you compared the nucleotide sequences of the distal control elements in the enhancers of three genes that are expressed only in muscle cells. What would you expect to find? Why?

Short Answer

Expert verified

The distal control elements of the three genes of the muscle cell must have similar sequences or identical motif.

The same specific transcription factors in muscle cells bind to the enhancers of all three genes to enhance transcription.

Step by step solution

01

Enhancers

An enhancer is a sequence in the DNA template that enhances the transcription of genes. It contains short DNA sequences, which are referred to as distal control elements. Enhancers are located either upstream or downstream of a gene.

Transcription factors bind to the enhancer region to increase transcription. Activators bind to the distal control elements and thus interact with mediator proteins and transcription factors to enhance transcription.

02

Nucleotide sequence of the distal control elements of three genes

The nucleotide sequence of all the enhancers must be identical, or all the enhancers must share a motif to which the same specific transcription factor can bind to enhance the transcription process.

03

The enhancers have an identical nucleotide sequence

Transcription factors play an essential role in activating the enhancer region of DNA. The same specific transcription factors bind to the enhancers of all the genes in muscle cells.

Thus, specific transcription factors will bind to the same motif of the enhancers of all the genes to enhance transcription.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Trace amounts of dioxin were present in Agent Orange, a defoliant sprayed on vegetation during the Vietnam War. Animal tests suggest that dioxin can cause birth defects, cancer, liver and thymus damage, and immune system suppression, sometimes leading to death. But the animal tests are equivocal; a hamster is not affected by a dose that can kill a guinea pig. Dioxin acts like a steroid hormone, entering a cell and binding to a cytoplasmic receptor that then binds the cell鈥檚 DNA.

  1. Discuss how this mechanism might help explain the variety of dioxin鈥檚 effects on different body systems and in different animals.
  2. Discuss how you might determine whether a type of type of illness is related to dioxin exposure. Next, discuss how you might determine whether a particular individual became ill as a result of exposure to dioxin. Which would be more difficult to demonstrate?Why?

The diagram below five genes, including their enhancers, from the genome of a certain species. Imagine that pink, blue, green, black, grey and dark blue activator proteins exist that can bind to the approximately colour-coded control elements in the enhancers of these genes.

(a) Draw an X above enhancer elements (of all the genes) that would have activators bound in a cell where only gene five is transcribed. Identify which coloured activators would be present.

(b) Draw a dot above all enhancer elements that would have activators bound in a cell where the green, blue, and yellow activators are present. Identify which gene(s) would be transcribed.

(c) Imagine that genes 1, 2, and 4 codes for nerve-specific proteins, and genes 3 and 5 are skin-specific. Identify which activators would have to be present in each cell type to ensure transcription of the appropriate genes.

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

(A) the addition of methyl group to cytosine bases of DNA

(B) the binding of transcription factors to a promoter

(C) the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons

(D) gene amplification contributing to cancer

Prostrate cells usually require testosterone and other androgens to survive. But some prostate cancer cells thrive despite treatments that eliminate androgens. One hypothesis is that estrogen, often considered a female hormone, may be activating genes normally controlled by androgen in these cancer cells. Describe one or more experiments to test this hypothesis. (See Figure 11.9 to review the action of these steroid hormones).

Compare the roles of general and specific transcription factors in regulating gene expression.
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