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Chapter 18: Q18-4TYU. (page 394)

Cell differentiation always involves

(A) transcription of the myoD gene.

(B) the movement of cells.

(C) the production of tissue-specific factors

(D) the selection loss of certain genes from the genome.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(A) The option 鈥渢ranscription of the myoD gene鈥� is false.

(B) The option 鈥渢he movement of cells鈥� is false.

(C) The option 鈥渢he production of tissue-specific factors鈥� is true.

(D) The option 鈥渢he selection loss of certain genes from the genome鈥� is false.

Step by step solution

01

Cell differentiation

The process of conversion from one cell type to the other cell type is known as cell differentiation. The specialized cells are produced as a result of cell differentiation. It is an important process in the development of multicellular organisms.

02

Explanation of option “(A)”

The MyoD gene is present in the muscle cell. The transcription of the myoD gene may lead to the formation of mRNA coding for the muscle cell.

Cell differentiation does not involve the transcription of the muscle protein.

Therefore, the given option is false.

03

Explanation of option “(B)”

Cells always tend to move in the extracellular matrix. The movement of the cell is associated with the actin protein present in the cell membrane.

Cell movement and cell differentiation are different processes.

Therefore, the given option is false.

04

Explanation of option “(C)”

Cell differentiation is the specialization process of cells that occurs via gene expression. The initiation of cell differentiation starts with the expression of tissue-specific factors that activate the regulatory protein. These regulatory proteins are the important control in the cell differentiation mechanism.

The tissue-specific proteins have an important role in the cell differentiation process for the activation of the regulatory proteins.

Therefore, the given option is true.

05

Explanation of option “(D)”

The selective loss of genes does not take place in the cell differentiation process. All proteins' coding segments are essential in the gene and need to be incorporated into the mature cells.

The gene loss does not occur in the cell differentiation process.

Therefore, the given option is false.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Compare miRNAs and siRNAs, including their functions.

Proto-oncogene can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?

(A) Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections.

(B) Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes.

(C) Proto-oncogenes are genetic 鈥� junk.鈥�

(D) Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division.

The flashlight fish has an organ under its eyethat emits light, which servers to startle predators and attract prey, and allows the fish to communicate with other fish. Some species can rotate the organ inside and then out, so the light appears to flash on and off. The light is actually emitted by bacteria (of the genus Vibrio) that live in the organ in a mutualistic relationship with the fish. (The bacteria receive nutrients from the fish). The bacteria must multiply until they reach a certain density in the organ (a "quorum"; see Chapter 11.1), at which point they all begin emitting light at the same time. There is a group of six or so genes, called lux genes, whose gene products are necessary for light formation. Given that these bacterial genes are regulated together, propose a hypothesis for how the genes are organized and regulated.

The diagram below five genes, including their enhancers, from the genome of a certain species. Imagine that pink, blue, green, black, grey and dark blue activator proteins exist that can bind to the approximately colour-coded control elements in the enhancers of these genes.

(a) Draw an X above enhancer elements (of all the genes) that would have activators bound in a cell where only gene five is transcribed. Identify which coloured activators would be present.

(b) Draw a dot above all enhancer elements that would have activators bound in a cell where the green, blue, and yellow activators are present. Identify which gene(s) would be transcribed.

(c) Imagine that genes 1, 2, and 4 codes for nerve-specific proteins, and genes 3 and 5 are skin-specific. Identify which activators would have to be present in each cell type to ensure transcription of the appropriate genes.

(a) Did deletion of any of the possible control elements cause a reduction in reporter gene expression? If so, which one (s), and how can you tell? (b) If loss of a control element causes a reduction in gene expression, what must be the normal role of that control element? Provide a biological explanation for how the loss of such a control element could lead to a reduction in gene expression.
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