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Chapter 18: Q18-13TYU. (page 395)

Prostrate cells usually require testosterone and other androgens to survive. But some prostate cancer cells thrive despite treatments that eliminate androgens. One hypothesis is that estrogen, often considered a female hormone, may be activating genes normally controlled by androgen in these cancer cells. Describe one or more experiments to test this hypothesis. (See Figure 11.9 to review the action of these steroid hormones).

Short Answer

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The hypothesis stating the activation of prostate cancer cells is to check the interaction of estrogen hormones with receptors present within the nucleus. This interaction can activate the transcription of genes present in these cancer cells.

Step by step solution

01

Prostate cancer and its treatment 

Prostate cancer is male cancer that occurs in the prostate gland. The growth of this cancer takes place with the help of hormones such as testosterone.

The treatment for prostate cancer blocks testosterone. But in some cases, even the blockage of androgenic hormones makes the progress of cancer. This condition is due to the presence of estrogen hormones, a female hormone that helps the survival of the cancer cells.

02

Role of androgen and estrogen in prostate cancer 

The group of male hormones secreted in the body is known as androgen. Overproduction of androgen can result in prostate cancer. The other stimulant for the activation of prostate cancer is estrogen.

Estrogen is the female hormone with a similar role compared to the androgens in the activation of cancer cells.

03

Experiment to test the hypothesis that supports the survival of cancer cells.

The estrogen hormones present in the body interact with the receptor, leading to the formation of receptor hormone complex within the cell.

The hormone complex acts as a transcription factor that enters the nucleus and activates the gene present in the cancer cells. The transcription of a gene present in cancer helps in the survival of the prostate cancer cells.

The experiment can be framed to design an inhibitor that can bind to the cancer cell receptor. The inhibitor or ligand designed can block the transcription of the genes present in the cancer cells.

Thus, blocking the transcription process initiated by the receptor hormone complex can prove the hypothesis that estrogen can activate the genes present in cancer cells.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The flashlight fish has an organ under its eyethat emits light, which servers to startle predators and attract prey, and allows the fish to communicate with other fish. Some species can rotate the organ inside and then out, so the light appears to flash on and off. The light is actually emitted by bacteria (of the genus Vibrio) that live in the organ in a mutualistic relationship with the fish. (The bacteria receive nutrients from the fish). The bacteria must multiply until they reach a certain density in the organ (a "quorum"; see Chapter 11.1), at which point they all begin emitting light at the same time. There is a group of six or so genes, called lux genes, whose gene products are necessary for light formation. Given that these bacterial genes are regulated together, propose a hypothesis for how the genes are organized and regulated.

Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on

(A) the degree of DNA methylation.

(B) the rate at which the mRNA is degraded.

(C) the number of introns present in the mRNA.

(D) the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm.

(a) Did deletion of any of the possible control elements cause an increase in reporter gene expression relative to the control? If so, which one (s), and how can you tell? (b) If loss of a control element causes an increase in gene expression, what must be the normal role of that control element? Provide a biological explanation for how the loss of such a control element could lead to an increase in gene expression.

(a) Did deletion of any of the possible control elements cause a reduction in reporter gene expression? If so, which one (s), and how can you tell? (b) If loss of a control element causes a reduction in gene expression, what must be the normal role of that control element? Provide a biological explanation for how the loss of such a control element could lead to a reduction in gene expression.

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they

(A) express different genes

(B) contains different genes.

(C) use different genetic codes.

(D) have unique ribosomes.
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