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The mRNA molecule synthesized from DNA through transcription is called pre-mRNA. The pre-mRNA undergoes RNA processing before they are released from the nucleus into the cytoplasm for translation.

RNA processing includes:

• Adding 5’ cap to the 5’ end of pre-mRNA.

• Adding poly-A tail to the 3’ end of pre-mRNA.

• Removing introns (non-coding regions) from pre-mRNA through splicing.

As a result, a mature mRNA transcript is produced that bears a 5’ cap and poly-A tail.

The translation is mediated through ribosomes. To initiate translation, the small unit of ribosome bounded to the initiator tRNA that carries the first amino acid of the polypeptide binds to the 5’cap of the mRNA molecule.

It recognizes the initiation codon on the mRNA molecule. This is followed by the attachment of the large subunit of the ribosome. The ribosome then moves along the mRNA molecule and subsequently synthesizes the polypeptide chain until it reaches the stop codon, where the translation is terminated.

Once the translation is terminated, the subunits of the ribosome dissociate. However,if the RNA molecule is circular, the subunits are close to the 5’cap, where small subunits bind to initiate translation.

As a result, the subunits rebind and initiate the synthesis of a new polypeptide chain, thus, increasing the translation efficiency. Thus, circular eukaryotic mRNA can increase the efficiency of translation.