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Chapter 6: Q15DQ (page 1275)
Why must engineers and scientists shield against x-ray production in high-voltage equipment?
Yes, the easy ionization of body atoms by X-ray photons causes serious harm to the skin and leaves behind burns. That is why there is shielding required while handling X-Ray equipments.
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Malignant tumors are commonly treated with targeted ray radiation therapy. To generate these medical rays, a linear accelerator directs a high energy beam of electrons toward a metal target-typically tungsten. As they near the tungsten nuclei, the electrons are deflected and accelerated, emitting high-energy photons via bremsstrahlung. The resulting rays are collimated into a beam that is directed at the tumor. The photons can deposit energy in the tumor through Compton and photoelectric interactions. A typical tumor has and in a full treatment, 4-MeV photons may produce a dose of 70 Gy in 35 fractional exposures on different days. The gray (Gy) is a measure of the absorbed energy dose of radiation per unit mass of tissue:1Gy =1 J/kg.
While interacting with molecules (mainly water) in the tumor tissue, each Compton electron or photoelectron causes a series of ionizations, each of which takes about . Estimate the maximum number of ionizations that one photon generated by this linear accelerator can produce in tissue.
Two events are observed in a frame of reference S to occur at the same space point, the second occurring 1.80s after the first. In a frame S鈥� moving relative to S, the second event is observed to occur 2.15s after the first. What is the difference between the positions of the two events as measured in S鈥�?
A scientist has devised a new method of isolating individual particles. He claims that this method enables him to detect simultaneously the position of a particle along an axis with a standard deviation of 0.12 nm and its momentum component along this axis with a standard deviation of
.Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to evaluate the validity of this claim.
Determine the electric charge, baryon number, strangeness quantum number, and charm quantum number for the following quark combinations: (a) uds; (b) (c) ddd; and (d) Explain your reasoning.
An electron is moving past the square well shown in Fig. 40.13. The electron has energy . What is the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the regionto the wavelength for ?
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