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Chapter 10: Q70E (page 472)

Sketch an energy-versus-position diagram. Complementary to Figure 10.4, showing valence hole motion a conduction electron participation in an operating pnp transistor.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The following sketch shows the movement of the electrons and holes.

Step by step solution

01

Given data

Electrons have energy.

02

Definition of electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge is called an electron. It can either be free (not attached to any atoms) or bonded to an atom's nucleus. Atomic electrons are organised into spherical shells with different radii to represent different energy levels.

The energy held within an electron increases with the size of the spherical shell.

03

Draw the Energy versus Position Diagram

The following sketch shows the movement of the electrons and holes.


As we can see, most of the holes float upward and goes to the collector, only a small fraction will combine with electrons in the base and goes back to the emitter input circuit.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The diagram shows a bridge rectifier circuit. A sinusoidal input voltage is fed into four identical diodes. each represented by the standard diode circuit symbol. The symbol indicates the direction of conventional current flow through the diode. The plots show input and output voltages versus time. Note that the output voltage is strictly in one direction. Explain

(a) how this circuit produces the unidirectional output voltage it does, and

(b) what features in the output plot indicate that the band gap of the diodes is about half an electronvolt, (It might seem that about one volt is correct, but consider how many diodes are on and in series at any given instant. In fact, although not the usual habit, it might be more accurate to plot the output voltage shifted upward relative to the input.)

why is covalent bonding directional, while ionic bonding is not?

The accompanying diagrams represent the three lowest energy wave functions for three "atoms." As in all truly molecular states we consider, these states are shared among the atoms. At such large atomic separation, however, the energies are practically equal, so anelectron would be just as happy occupying any combination.

(a) Identify algebraic combinations of the states (for instance, 5+11/2+11/2 ) that would place the electron in each of the three atoms.

(b) Were the atoms closer together, the energies of states 1.11, and III would spread out and an electron would occupy the lowest energy one. Rank them in order of increasing energy as the atoms draw closer together. Explain your reasoning.

What is Cooper pair, and what role does it play in superconductivity?

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(a) What would be the ratio of molecules with rotational quantum number鈩�=1 to those with鈩�=0 (at the same vibrational level), and

(b) What would be the ratio of molecules with vibrational quantum numbern=1 to those with n=0(with the same rotational energy)?
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