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Chapter 20: Problem 60

Nickel shows ferro-magnetic property at room temperature. If the temperature is increased beyond Curie temperature, then it will show [UP SEF 2007] (a) para-magnetism (b) anti-ferromagnetism (c) no magnctic property. (d) dia-magnetism

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) para-magnetism

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Ferromagnetic Behavior

Ferromagnetism is a property where materials like nickel show strong magnetic properties due to aligned magnetic moments. This alignment occurs at temperatures below the Curie temperature.
02

Curie Temperature Concept

The Curie temperature is the critical point at which a ferromagnetic material loses its permanent magnetic properties and becomes para-magnetic. Above this temperature, thermal energy disrupts the alignment of magnetic moments.
03

Effect of Increasing Temperature on Nickel

When nickel, a ferromagnetic substance at room temperature, is heated above its Curie temperature, the thermal agitation overcomes the magnetic interactions that align the spins. As a result, the ordered magnetic moments become disordered.
04

Determining the Resulting Magnetic Property

Once the material is heated beyond the Curie temperature and the alignment is disrupted, the substance exhibits para-magnetism. This is characterized by a weak attraction to magnetic fields, contrasting with the strong magnetism at lower temperatures.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is a fascinating property of certain materials, where they exhibit strong magnetic behavior. This happens because the individual magnetic moments within the material align perfectly and point in the same direction. Nickel is a great example of a ferromagnetic material. At room temperature, it displays strong magnetic properties.
However, the magic happens when these aligned moments create a magnetization that can be extremely strong:
  • The magnetic moments are microscopic magnetic units that each atom in a material possesses.
  • In ferromagnetic materials, these moments align together in a parallel fashion, creating a net magnetic field.
  • Below the Curie temperature, the forces holding these moments in alignment are strong enough to resist disturbances.
Once Nickel or any ferromagnetic material is below the Curie temperature, it retains little resistance to an external magnetic field, resulting in strong magnetic properties.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is the type of magnetism that occurs in materials that are only weakly attracted to magnetic fields. This behavior is seen in materials when they are heated above their Curie temperature. At this point, the material transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic.
Here is why the behavior changes:
  • In paramagnetic materials, the magnetic moments are randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field.
  • When an external magnetic field is applied, the moments tend to align with the field but this alignment is temporary.
  • The degree of alignment is influenced by thermal agitation, which disrupts the order as the temperature rises.
  • As a result, paramagnetic materials exhibit a weak attraction to magnetic fields, much weaker than in ferromagnetic materials.
Thus, when nickel is heated beyond its Curie temperature, it loses the ordered alignment of its magnetic moments and displays paramagnetic characteristics.
Magnetic Moments
Magnetic moments are critical to understanding magnetism in materials, as they represent the foundation of magnetic behavior. Each atom possesses a magnetic moment, which resembles a tiny magnet with a north and south pole.
Here's what happens with magnetic moments in different conditions:
  • In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic moments are aligned in a parallel fashion, creating a strong net magnetism.
  • When the temperature increases and surpasses the Curie temperature, thermal vibrations cause these moments to lose their alignment, converting the material's behavior to paramagnetism.
  • In paramagnetic materials, the moments tend not to be aligned by default, but they can be temporarily aligned with an external magnetic field.
Understanding these changes in magnetic moments helps explain why materials like nickel can transition from being strongly magnetic at lower temperatures to weakly magnetic at higher temperatures. This behavior is pivotal when exploring various applications of magnetic materials in technology and industry.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Assertion-Reason type. Each of these contains two Statements: Statement 1 (Assertion), Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has four alternative choice, only one of which is correct. You have to select the correct choices from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion. (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not correct explanation of the Assertion. (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true. Assertion When a magnet is brought near iron nails, translatory force as well as a torque act on it. Reason The field due to a magnet is generally uniform.

The earth's magnetic field at a certain place has a horizontal component of \(0.3 \mathrm{G}\) and total strength \(0.5 \mathrm{G}\). Find angle of dip in \(\tan ^{-1}\). (a) \(\delta=\tan ^{-1} \frac{4}{3}\) (b) \(\delta=\tan ^{-1} \frac{3}{4}\) (c) \(\vec{b}=\tan ^{-1} \frac{5}{3}\) (d) \(\delta=\tan ^{-1} \frac{3}{5}\)

A bar magnet has a magnetic moment equal to \(5 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~Wb}-\mathrm{m} .\) It is suspended in a magnetic field which has a magnetic induetion \(B\) equal to \(8 \pi \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T}\). The magnet vibrates with a period of vibration equal to 15 s. The moment of inertia of magnet is (a) \(4.54 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~kg}-\mathrm{m}^{2}\) (b) \(4.54 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~kg}-\mathrm{m}^{2}\) (c) \(4.54 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~kg}-\mathrm{m}^{2}\) (d) \(4.54 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~kg}-\mathrm{m}^{2}\)

A magnetic dipole is placed at right angles to the direction of lines of force of magnetic induction \(B\). If it is rotated through an angle of \(180^{\circ}\), then the work done is (a) \(M B\) (b) \(2 \mathrm{MB}\) (c) \(-2 \mathrm{MB}\) (d) zero

At a certain location in Africa, a compass points \(12^{\circ}\) west of the geographie north. The north tip of the magnetic needle of a dip circle placed in the plane of magnetic meridian points \(60^{\circ}\) above the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth's field is measured to be \(0.16\) G. Specify the direction and magnitude of the earth's field at the location. (a) \(32^{\circ}\) west of geographical meridian and \(3.2 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T}\) (b) \(12^{\circ}\) west of geographical meridian and \(0.32 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T}\) (c) \(12^{2}\) east of geographical meridian and \(0.32 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T}\) (d) 32 ' cast of geographical meridian and \(3.2 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T}\)
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