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Suppose you don鈥檛 assume Haa=Hbb=0

(a) Find ca(t)and cb(t) in first-order perturbation theory, for the case

.show that , to first order in .

(b) There is a nicer way to handle this problem. Let

.

Show that

where

So the equations for are identical in structure to Equation 11.17 (with an extra

(c) Use the method in part (b) to obtain in first-order
perturbation theory, and compare your answer to (a). Comment on any discrepancies.

Short Answer

Expert verified

ca2=1-ih0tHaat'dt'1-ih0tHaat'dt'=11-ih0tHaat'dt'2=1ca2=1-ih0tHaat'dt'1-ih0tHaat'dt'=0Soca2+cb2=1tofirstorder

(b) role="math" localid="1658488366910" da=-ihein0tHtdtcbHabei0tdb=ein0tHtdtihHbbcb+eih0tHtdtcb

(c) db=ein0tHtdtihHbbcb+eih0tHtdtcb

Step by step solution

01

(a) Finding  ca(t) and cb(t)

ca=-ihcaHaa+cbHabei0tcb=-ihcaHaa+cbHabei0t

cb=-ihcaHaa+cbHabe-iEb-Ebt/h

cb=-ihcaHaa+cbHabe-iEb-Ebt/h

Initial conditions:cat=1,cb0=0,

Zero order:.

First order:

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In Equation 9.31 assumed that the atom is so small (in comparison to the wavelength of light) that spatial variations in the field can be ignored. The true electric field would be E(r,t)=E0cos(kr蝇t).

If the atom is centered at the origin, thenkr1 over the relevant volume,|k|=2/ sokr~r/1) and that's why we could afford to drop this term. Suppose we keep the first-order correction:

E(r,t)=E0[cos(t)+(kr)sin(t)].

The first term gives rise to the allowed (electric dipole) transitions we considered in the text; the second leads to so-called forbidden (magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole) transitions (higher powers of k.rlead to even more "forbidden" transitions, associated with higher multipole moments).

(a) Obtain the spontaneous emission rate for forbidden transitions (don't bother to average over polarization and propagation directions, though this should really be done to complete the calculation). Answer:role="math" localid="1659008133999" Rba=q250c5|a|(n^r)(k^r)|b|2.

(b) Show that for a one-dimensional oscillator the forbidden transitions go from leveln to levelrole="math" localid="1659008239387" n-2 and the transition rate (suitably averaged over n^andk^) isR=q23n(n1)15蟺系0m2c5.

(Note: Here is the frequency of the photon, not the oscillator.) Find the ratio of the "forbidden" rate to the "allowed" rate, and comment on the terminology.

(c) Show that the2S1S transition in hydrogen is not possible even by a "forbidden" transition. (As it turns out, this is true for all the higher multipoles as well; the dominant decay is in fact by two-photon emission, and the lifetime it is about a tenth of a second

Suppose the perturbation takes the form of a delta function (in time):

H^'=U^(t);

Assume thatUaa=Ubb=0,andletUab=Uba+=if ca(-)=1and cb(-)=0,

find ca(t)andcb(t),and check that lc(t)l2+lcb(t)l2=1. What is the net probability(Pabfort) that a transition occurs? Hint: You might want to treat the delta function as the limit of a sequence of rectangles.

Answer:Pab=sin2(||lh)

A particle starts out (at time t=0 ) in the Nth state of the infinite square well. Now the 鈥渇loor鈥 of the well rises temporarily (maybe water leaks in, and then drains out again), so that the potential inside is uniform but time dependent:V0(t),withV0(0)=V0(T)=0.

(a) Solve for the exact cm(t), using Equation 11.116, and show that the wave function changes phase, but no transitions occur. Find the phase change, role="math" localid="1658378247097" (T), in terms of the function V0(t)

(b) Analyze the same problem in first-order perturbation theory, and compare your answers. Compare your answers.
Comment: The same result holds whenever the perturbation simply adds a constant (constant in x, that is, not in to the potential; it has nothing to do with the infinite square well, as such. Compare Problem 1.8.

You could derive the spontaneous emission rate (Equation 11.63) without the detour through Einstein鈥檚 A and B coefficients if you knew the ground state energy density of the electromagnetic field P0()for then it would simply be a case of stimulated emission (Equation 11.54). To do this honestly would require quantum electrodynamics, but if you are prepared to believe that the ground state consists of one photon in each classical mode, then the derivation is very simple:

(a) Replace Equation 5.111by localid="1658381580036" N0=dkand deduce P0() (Presumably this formula breaks down at high frequency, else the total "vacuum energy" would be infinite ... but that's a story for a different day.)

(b) Use your result, together with Equation 9.47, to obtain the spontaneous emission rate. Compare Equation 9.56.

An electron in the n=3,l=0,m=0state of hydrogen decays by a sequence of (electric dipole) transitions to the ground state.

(a) What decay routes are open to it? Specify them in the following way:

|300|nlm|n'l'm'|100.

(b) If you had a bottle full of atoms in this state, what fraction of them would decay via each route?

(c) What is the lifetime of this state? Hint: Once it鈥檚 made the first transition, it鈥檚 no longer in the state |300\rangle鈭300鉄, so only the first step in each sequence is relevant in computing the lifetime.

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