Chapter 34: Q22CQ (page 1237)
Must a complex system be adaptive to be of interest in the field of complexity? Give an example to support your answer.
Short Answer
Non-adaptive complex systems are not of interest in the study of complexity.
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Chapter 34: Q22CQ (page 1237)
Must a complex system be adaptive to be of interest in the field of complexity? Give an example to support your answer.
Non-adaptive complex systems are not of interest in the study of complexity.
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Discuss the possibility that star velocities at the edges of galaxies being greater than expected is due to unknown properties of gravity rather than to the existence of dark matter. Would this mean, for example, that gravity is greater or smaller than expected at large distances? Are there other tests that could be made of gravity at large distances, such as observing the motions of neighbouring galaxies?
If the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is the remnant of the Big Bang’s fireball, we expect to see hot and cold regions in it. What are two causes of these wrinkles in the CMBR? Are the observed temperature variations greater or less than originally expected?
Show that the velocity of a star orbiting its galaxy in a circular orbit is inversely proportional to the square root of its orbital radius, assuming the mass of the stars inside its orbit acts like a single mass at the center of the galaxy. You may use an equation from a previous chapter to support your conclusion, but you must justify its use and define all terms used.
Consider a star moving in a circular orbit at the edge of a galaxy. Construct a problem in which you calculate the mass of that galaxy in kg and in multiples of the solar mass based on the velocity of the star and its distance from the center of the galaxy.

A section of superconducting wire carries a current of\({\rm{100 A}}\)and requires\({\rm{1}}{\rm{.00 L}}\)of liquid nitrogen per hour to keep it below its critical temperature. For it to be economically advantageous to use a superconducting wire, the cost of cooling the wire must be less than the cost of energy lost to heat in the wire. Assume that the cost of liquid nitrogen is\({\rm{\$ 0}}{\rm{.30}}\)per litre, and that electric energy costs\({\rm{\$ 0}}{\rm{.10}}\)per KW·h. What is the resistance of a normal wire that costs as much in wasted electric energy as the cost of liquid nitrogen for the superconductor?
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