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Chapter 3: Problem 5
Use Euler diagrams to determine whether each argument is valid or invalid. All insects have six legs. No spiders have six legs. Therefore, no spiders are insects.
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This is an excerpt from a 1967 speech in the U.S. House of Representatives by Representative Adam Clayton Powell: He who is without sin should cast the first stone. There is no one here who does not have a skeleton in his closet. I know, and I know them by name. Powell's argument can be expressed as follows: No sinner is one who should cast the first stone. All people here are sinners. Therefore, no person here is one who should cast the first stone. Use an Euler diagram to determine whether the argument is valid or invalid.
Translate each argument into symbolic form. Then determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. You may use a truth table or, if applicable, compare the argument's symbolic form to a standard valid or invalid form. (You can ignore differences in past, present, and future tense.) If I am tired or hungry, I cannot concentrate. I cannot concentrate. \(\therefore\) I am tired or hungry.
Conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh directed this passage at liberals and the way they think about crime. Of course, liberals will argue that these actions [contemporary youth crime] can be laid at the foot of socioeconomic inequities, or poverty. However, the Great Depression caused a level of poverty unknown to exist in America today, and yet I have been unable to find any accounts of crime waves sweeping our large cities. Let the liberals chew on that. (See, I Told You So, p. 83) Limbaugh's passage can be expressed in the form of an argument: If poverty causes crime, then crime waves would have swept American cities during the Great Depression. Crime waves did not sweep American cities during the Great Depression. \(\therefore\) Poverty does not cause crime. (Liberals are wrong.) Translate this argument into symbolic form and determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Translate each argument into symbolic form. Then determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. You may use a truth table or, if applicable, compare the argument's symbolic form to a standard valid or invalid form. (You can ignore differences in past, present, and future tense.) If I'm at the beach, then I swim in the ocean. If I swim in the ocean, then I feel refreshed. \(\therefore\) If I'm not at the beach, then I don't feel refreshed.
Translate each argument into symbolic form. Then determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. You may use a truth table or, if applicable, compare the argument's symbolic form to a standard valid or invalid form. (You can ignore differences in past, present, and future tense.) If I'm tired, I'm edgy. If I'm edgy, I'm nasty. \(\therefore\) If I'm tired, I'm nasty.
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