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Chapter 3: Problem 42
Describe how to determine if two statements are equivalent.
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Translate each argument into symbolic form. Then determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. You may use a truth table or, if applicable, compare the argument's symbolic form to a standard valid or invalid form. (You can ignore differences in past, present, and future tense.) If some journalists learn about the invasion, the newspapers will print the news. If the newspapers print the news, the invasion will not be a secret. The invasion was a secret. \(\therefore\) No journalists learned about the invasion.
Use Euler diagrams to determine whether each argument is valid or invalid. All writers appreciate language. All poets are writers. Therefore, all poets appreciate language.
Use a truth table to determine whether the symbolic form of the argument is valid or invalid. $$ \begin{aligned} &p \leftrightarrow q \\ &\underline{q \rightarrow r} \\ &\therefore \sim r \rightarrow \sim p \end{aligned} $$
In Exercises 43-50, use the standard forms of valid arguments to draw a valid conclusion from the given premises. If a person is a chemist, then that person has a college degree. My best friend does not have a college degree. Therefore, ...
In this section, we used a variety of examples, including arguments from the Menendez trial, the inevitability of Nixon's impeachment, Spock's (fallacious) logic on Star Trek, and even two cartoons, to illustrate symbolic arguments. a. From any source that is of particular interest to you (these can be the words of someone you truly admire or a person who really gets under your skin), select a paragraph or two in which the writer argues a particular point. (An intriguing source is What Is Your Dangerous Idea?, edited by John Brockman, published by Harper Perennial, 2007.) Rewrite the reasoning in the form of an argument using words. Then translate the argument into symbolic form and use a truth table to determine if it is valid or invalid. b. Each group member should share the selected passage with other people in the group. Explain how it was expressed in argument form. Then tell why the argument is valid or invalid.
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