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Chapter 4: Q T4.6. (page 274)

The most important advantage of experiments over observational studies is that

(a) experiments are usually easier to carry out.

(b) experiments can give better evidence of causation.

(c) confounding cannot happen in experiments.

(d) an observational study cannot have a response variable.

(e) observational studies cannot use random samples.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The correct option is (b) experiments can give better evidence of causation.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

Treatment is applied to the subjects to observe their responses.

02

Concept

The random assignment method assigns subjects to treatments based on chance. Before the treatments are applied, random assignment establishes treatment groups that are comparable (except for chance variance). In experiments, randomization and comparison combined prevent bias or systematic favoritism.

03

Explanation

Treatment is given to the individuals in an experimental study to see how they respond. It is founded on the concept of cause and effect. An observational study, on the other hand, is one in which the researcher observes the subject's reactions without imposing any conditions on them. As a result, an experimental investigation can yield a causal finding.

As a result, the best solution is (b).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Aw, rats! A nutrition experimenter intends to compare the weight gain of newly weaned male rats fed Diet A with that of rats fed Diet B. To do this, she will feed each diet to 10 rats. She has available 10rats from one litter and 10rats from a second litter. Rats in the first litter appear to be slightly healthier.

(a) If the 10rats from Litter 1 were fed Diet A, the effects of genetics and diet would be confounded, and the experiment would be biased in favor of Diet A. Explain this statement carefully.

(b) Describe a better design for this experiment.

The Web portal AOL places opinion poll questions next to many of its news stories. Simply click your response to join the sample. One of the questions

in January 2008 was 鈥淒o you plan to diet this year?鈥� More than 30,000 people responded, with 68% saying 鈥淵es.鈥� You can conclude that

(a) about 68% of Americans planned to diet in 2008

(b) the poll used a convenience sample, so the results tell us little about the population of all adults.

(c) the poll uses voluntary response, so the results tell us little about the population of all adults.

(d) the sample is too small to draw any conclusion.

(e) None of these.

Checking for bias Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward the desired response?

(a) Which of the following best represents your opinion on gun control?

1. The government should confiscate our guns.

2. We have the right to keep and bear arms.

(b) A freeze on nuclear weapons should be favored because it would begin a much-needed process to stop everyone in the world from building nuclear

weapons now and reduce the possibility of nuclear war in the future. Do you agree or disagree?

Instant opinion A recent online poll posed the question 鈥淪hould female athletes be paid the same as men for the work they do?鈥欌�� In all, 13,147(44%)said 鈥淵es,鈥欌�� 15,182(50%)said 鈥淣o,鈥欌�� and the remaining 1448 said, 鈥淒on鈥檛 know.鈥� In spite of the large sample size for this survey, we can鈥檛 trust the result. Why not?

What kind of error? Which of the following are sources of sampling error and which are sources of non-sampling error? Explain your answers.

(a) The subject lies about past drug use.

(b) A typing error is made in recording the data.

(c) Data are gathered by asking people to mail in a coupon printed in a newspaper.
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