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Chapter 8: Problem 38

Ring-no-answer. A common form of nonresponse in telephone surveys is "ring-no- answer." That is, a call is made to an active number, but no one answers. The Italian National Stat istical Institute looked at nonresponse to a government survey of households in Italy during the periods January 1 to Easter and July 1 to August 31 . All calls were made between 7 and 10 P. M., but \(21.4 \%\) gave "ring-no-answer" in one period versus \(41.5 \%\) "ring-no-answer" in the other period. 30 Which period do you think had the higher rate of no answers? Why? Explain why a high rate of nonresponse makes sample results less reliable.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The July 1 to August 31 period has the higher nonresponse rate of 41.5%.

Step by step solution

01

Analyze Given Data

We are given the 'ring-no-answer' rates for two different periods: January 1 to Easter and July 1 to August 31. The percentages are 21.4% and 41.5%. Our task is to determine which period had a higher rate of nonresponse.
02

Compare Percentages

To determine which period had a higher rate of 'ring-no-answer', compare the given percentages of 21.4% and 41.5%. Check which is greater.
03

Identify Higher Nonresponse Period

The 41.5% rate is higher than the 21.4% rate. Therefore, the period with 41.5% 'ring-no-answer' is the one with a higher nonresponse rate.
04

Explain Impact of High Nonresponse

A high nonresponse rate can lead to biased results in surveys because it may mean that certain groups or opinions are underrepresented. This can happen because the views of those who did not respond might systematically differ from those who did respond, leading to unbalanced and potentially misleading findings in the survey.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Survey Methods
When conducting surveys, researchers utilize various methods to gather data from a sample population. Survey methods are critical as they significantly influence the quality and reliability of the data collected. Understanding these methods helps in planning how to reach respondents effectively, ensuring representative data collection.

Here are some common survey methods:
  • Face-to-Face Interviews: These involve direct interaction with respondents and generally result in high response rates, but they can be costly and time-consuming.
  • Mail Surveys: Questions are sent through postal services. They are cost-effective but often suffer from low response rates due to delayed or non-responses.
  • Online Surveys: Growing in popularity, these are easy to distribute and compile but may misrepresent populations lacking internet access.
  • Telephone Surveys: Carried out over the phone; they are faster than face-to-face interviews and can reach a wide audience, but they are susceptible to nonresponse bias, as seen in 'ring-no-answer' scenarios.
Each method has pros and cons, and the choice largely depends on the objectives, budget, and the target audience of the survey.
Telephone Surveys
Telephone surveys involve collecting data through phone calls, making them a quicker option than many other survey methods. However, they present unique challenges, particularly concerning nonresponse bias.

Key Pitfalls of Telephone Surveys:
  • Ring-No-Answer: This occurs when calls are made but no one answers the phone. High rates of 'ring-no-answer' can distort results, as non-answered responses might skew demographic representations within the data.
  • Time of Day: The timing of calls impacts response rates. Evening calls might be missed due to personal commitments or schedules.
  • Caller ID Screening: Many potential respondents avoid answering calls from unrecognized numbers, further increasing nonresponse bias.
Despite these challenges, telephone surveys are beneficial due to their broad reach and the ability to clarify questions in real-time, enhancing data accuracy if handled correctly.
Sampling Reliability
Sampling reliability is crucial to producing trustworthy survey results. It refers to how well a sample represents the larger population. Reliable samples yield results that can be generalized to broader groups with confidence.

Key Factors Affecting Sampling Reliability:
  • Sample Size: Larger samples tend to be more reliable, reducing margin error and providing greater confidence in the results.
  • Sample Diversity: A diverse sample ensures varied perspectives are included, closely reflecting the entire population's makeup.
  • Nonresponse Rate: High nonresponse rates can significantly skew results. For instance, if a significant portion of a population does not respond, the views of non-respondents could differ from respondents, thus leading to biased outcomes.
Improving sampling reliability involves minimizing nonresponse by choosing appropriate survey methods, timing, and follow-up strategies to encourage participation across various demographic groups.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A Twitter Poll. In September 2019, ProgressPolls asked the question "Do you think the Democrats have a valid reason for wanting to impeach Trump?" Of the 1437 votes cast, \(91 \%\) said no. This poll was a Twitter poll. A CNN random digit dialing telephone poll of 1003 respondents in September 2019 asked the question "In your view, why do most Democrats in Congress support impeachment of Donald Trump?" Thirty eight percent responded "Because they are out to get Donald Trump at all costs." Explain to someone who knows no statistics why the two polls can give such widely differing results and which poll is likely to be more reliable.

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Importance of Childhood Vaccinations. The debate about childhood vaccinations continued to be a major news issue in 2019, with the CDC reporting that in the period January 1-October 1, 2019, the United States experienced a record number of cases of measles, with 1249 cases from 31 states reported. This is the greatest number of cases reported in a single year since 1992. (Measles elimination was documented in the United States in 2000.) According to the same report by the CDC, " 1107 (89\%) [of measles cases] were in patients who were unvaccinated or had an unknown vaccination status." A Gallup World Poll asked the following question: "Do you agree, disagree, or neither agree nor disagree with the following statement? Vaccines are important for children to have." According to the survey methods section, the results of the poll are based on telephone interviews conducted July 12-August 23, 2018, with a random sample of 1006 people, aged 15 and older, living in the United States. \(\underline{21}\) a. What is the population for this sample survey? b. What is the sample?

Universal Health Care. In 2019, a Monmouth University poll and an NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll each asked a nationwide sample about their views on universal health care. \(\frac{12}{}\) Here are the two questions: Question A: Do you favor or oppose creating a universal health care system in America? Question B: Would you favor or oppose a single payer health care system in which all Americans would get their health insurance from one government plan that is financed in part by taxes? One of these questions had \(58 \%\) responding favor, and the other question had only \(44 \%\) responding favor. Which wording is slanted toward a more negative response on universal health care? Why?

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