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Chapter 8: Problem 26

Importance of Childhood Vaccinations. The debate about childhood vaccinations continued to be a major news issue in 2019, with the CDC reporting that in the period January 1-October 1, 2019, the United States experienced a record number of cases of measles, with 1249 cases from 31 states reported. This is the greatest number of cases reported in a single year since 1992. (Measles elimination was documented in the United States in 2000.) According to the same report by the CDC, " 1107 (89\%) [of measles cases] were in patients who were unvaccinated or had an unknown vaccination status." A Gallup World Poll asked the following question: "Do you agree, disagree, or neither agree nor disagree with the following statement? Vaccines are important for children to have." According to the survey methods section, the results of the poll are based on telephone interviews conducted July 12-August 23, 2018, with a random sample of 1006 people, aged 15 and older, living in the United States. \(\underline{21}\) a. What is the population for this sample survey? b. What is the sample?

Short Answer

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a. Population: People aged 15+ in the U.S. b. Sample: 1006 surveyed people.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Population

The population in a study refers to the entire group that we are interested in understanding or making conclusions about. In the context of the Gallup World Poll question regarding the importance of childhood vaccinations, the population consists of all individuals 15 years and older living in the United States, as the goal is to understand the opinion of this demographic on the importance of childhood vaccinations.
02

Identifying the Sample

The sample is a subset of the population that is actually surveyed or studied. In this case, the sample is the 1006 people aged 15 and older who were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone in the United States. These individuals provide insight into the opinions of the broader population.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Population
When discussing statistical surveys, the term 'population' refers to the complete group of individuals or instances about whom we aim to gain insights. For example, in the Gallup World Poll regarding childhood vaccinations, the population includes everyone aged 15 and older living in the United States. This is the group from which conclusions are drawn and about whom we want to gather information. Understanding the population helps determine the scope and applicability of any findings from a study. It's essential to define the population clearly before moving on to the next steps in research, ensuring that results can be accurately extrapolated to the whole group.
Sample
A "sample" is a smaller subset selected from the larger population that is meant to accurately reflect the whole. In the Gallup survey, the sample consisted of 1006 individuals randomly chosen from the broader group of U.S. residents aged 15 and over. Sampling allows researchers to gain practical and statistical insights without having to survey the entire population. It's crucial to ensure that the sample is representative, meaning it reflects the diversity and characteristics of the entire population. By doing so, the findings can be generalized with confidence to all individuals in the population.
Sampling Methods
Choosing the right sampling method is key to gathering reliable data. There are several methods to choose from, each suited for different research objectives. Common sampling methods include:
  • **Random Sampling**: Selecting individuals entirely by chance, which helps ensure a representative sample.
  • **Stratified Sampling**: Dividing the population into subgroups and sampling from each group to ensure each subgroup is represented.
  • **Systematic Sampling**: Selecting every 'k-th' individual from a list after a random starting point.
  • **Convenience Sampling**: Selecting individuals based on their easy accessibility and proximity.

For the Gallup poll, a random sampling method was used, helping to provide a more unbiased and representative outcome. Understanding and choosing the right method impacts the accuracy and reliability of the survey results.
Public Health Statistics
Public health statistics play a crucial role in guiding policies and understanding health-related issues on a societal level. They provide essential data that can help identify trends, such as the outbreak of diseases or vaccination rates. Statistical surveys, like the one conducted by Gallup on childhood vaccinations, allow health organizations to gather opinions and knowledge from the public.

Vital insights drawn from these statistics can shape public health initiatives and responses. In the context of measles and vaccination debates, such statistics are vital for informing strategies to address public concerns, communicate risks, and emphasize the importance of vaccinations in preventing outbreaks. Properly interpreted public health statistics ultimately guide evidence-based decisions for improving community health.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Canadian Health Care Survey. The Thirteenth Annual Health Care in Canada Survey, conducted by POLLARA Research in May and June 2018, is a survey of the opinions of the Canadian public and health care providers on a variety of health care issues, including quality of health care, access to health care, health and the environment, and so forth. According to POLLARA, the survey was based on telephone interviews and included nationally representative samples of 1,500 members of the Canadian public, 100 doctors, 100 nurses, 100 pharmacists and 100 health managers. Public results are considered to be accurate within \(\pm 2.5 \%\), while the margin of error for results for doctors, nurses, pharmacists and managers is \(\pm 9.8 \% .33\) a. Why is the accuracy greater for the public than for health care providers and managers? b. Why do you think the researchers sampled the public as well as health care providers and managers?

An opinion poll calls 2000 randomly chosen residential telephone numbers in Portland and asks to speak with an adult member of the household. The interviewer asks, "How many movies have you watched in a movie theater in the past 12 months?" In all, 831 people respond. The sample in this study is a. all adults living in Portland. b. the 2000 residential phone numbers called. c. the 831 people who responded.

An online store takes a sample, selected at random, from a list of all people who have purchased an item from the store in the last year. The store sends each person selected an email inviting the person to take a brief online survey about his or her experience shopping at the online store. The store is only interested in the population of all its customers in the last year. The sample will certainly suffer from a. nonresponse. b. undercoverage. c. poor question wording.

Student Opinions. A university has 30,000 undergraduate and 10,000 graduate students. A survey of student opinion concerning health care benefits for domestic partners of students selects 300 of the 30,000 undergraduate students at random and then separately selects 100 of the 10,000 graduate students at random. The 400 students chosen make up the sample. a. What is the probability that any of the 30,000 undergraduates is in your random sample of 300 undergraduates selected? What is the probability that any of the 10,000 graduate students is in your random sample of 100 graduate students selected? b. If you have done the calculations correctly in part (a), the probability of any student at the university being selected is the same. Why is your sample of 400 students from the university not an SRS of students? Explain.

Student Archaeologists. An archaeological dig turns up large numbers of pottery shards, broken stone implements, and other artifacts. Students working on the project classify each artifact and assign it a number. The counts in different categories are important for understanding the site, so the project director chooses \(2 \%\) of the artifacts at random and checks the students' work. What are the population and the sample here?
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