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Chapter 2: Problem 66

The article "Heavy Drinking and Problems among Wine Drinkers" (Journal of Studies on Alcohol [1999]: \(467-471\) ) investigates whether wine drinkers tend to drink less excessively than those who drink beer and spirits. A sample of Canadians, stratified by province of residence and other socioeconomic factors, was selected. a. Why might stratification by province be a good thing? b. List two socioeconomic factors that would be appropriate to use for stratification. Explain how each factor would relate to the consumption of alcohol in general and of wine in particular.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Stratification ensures representation from all provinces and can account for variability due to provincial influences. Appropriate socioeconomic factors could include income level and educational attainment. Income can influence the ability to afford wine, and education level could potentially influence drinking choices due to awareness of health implications.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Stratification

Stratification is a method of sampling where the population is divided into different subsets, called strata. These subsets are formed based on shared characteristics or attributes. In this context, the population is divided based on the province and other socio-economic attributes.
02

Benefits of Stratification by Province

Step 1: Stratification by province can be a good approach in this study because individuals' alcohol consumption can vary greatly due to provincial regulations, cultural norms, local customs or economic conditions. \nStep 2: By involving participants from each province, the study ensures representation from all provinces which can enhance the validity of the results.
03

Identifying Socioeconomic Factors and their Relation to Alcohol Consumption

Step 1: Appropriate socio-economic factors for stratification in this study could include income level and educational attainment. \nStep 2: Income level can influence the ability to afford certain types of alcohol, such as wine, which can be more expensive. Thus, people with higher income levels may tend to drink more wine than those with lower income levels. \nStep 3: Educational attainment may also correlate with drinking habits. It's possible that those with higher education might be more aware of the health implications of heavy drinking and may thus prefer wine, perceived as a healthier option.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in shaping drinking behaviors and preferences, particularly among wine drinkers. These factors include characteristics like income level, educational attainment, and occupational status. Understanding these can offer insights into why certain groups may prefer wine over other types of alcohol.
  • Income Level: This is critical because it directly influences a person's ability to purchase alcohol. Wine is generally perceived as more expensive compared to beer or spirits. Consequently, individuals with higher disposable incomes may lean towards consuming wine. Additionally, economic status can affect exposure to different drinking cultures, impacting preferences.
  • Educational Attainment: Education can shape an individual's lifestyle choices, including their drinking habits. Those with higher educational levels may have greater awareness of the health benefits and risks associated with alcohol consumption. They might perceive wine as a more sophisticated and 'healthier' beverage, leading to a preference for wine over other types of alcohol.
  • Occupational Status: A person's job can indirectly influence their drinking patterns. For instance, social interactions within certain professional circles might include wine tasting events or fine dining, where wine is often the beverage of choice.
These socioeconomic factors are integral in research studies on alcohol consumption, providing a comprehensive view of the drinking landscape across different demographics.
Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption is a multifaceted behavior influenced by numerous factors, including societal norms, personal preferences, and environmental contexts. Understanding these can help frame the research in alcohol-related studies.
  • Types of Alcohol: The consumption of different types such as wine, beer, and spirits, each has its cultural and social significance. Wine, for example, is often associated with formal or relaxed settings and meals, while beer may be more linked with casual social gatherings.
  • Cultural Norms and Traditions: In many cultures, alcohol consumption patterns are dictated by traditional practices. For instance, wine may play a pivotal role during religious ceremonies or family celebrations in some communities.
  • Health Considerations: Awareness of health impacts is growing, influencing how individuals consume alcohol. Wine, particularly red wine, is sometimes highlighted for its potential health benefits when consumed in moderation.
These elements offer a rich backdrop for researchers studying patterns of alcohol consumption, enabling them to parse out the underlying reasons why individuals may choose one beverage over another.
Research Methodology
In the study of alcohol consumption, research methodology refers to the systematic process of gathering data and drawing conclusions. Stratified sampling, as seen in this exercise, is a crucial method in research methodology. Here, we delve into why this approach is beneficial:
  • Stratified Sampling Explained: This involves dividing the population into subsets or strata based on specific characteristics such as geographic location or socioeconomic factors. Once divided, a sample is drawn from each stratum, ensuring that each segment of the population is represented in the research.
  • Advantages of Stratified Sampling: By using this method, researchers can gain insights into variations across different groups. This can lead to more nuanced findings, especially in studies examining behaviors affected by regional differences, like alcohol consumption.
  • Ensuring Validity: Stratified sampling increases the validity of the study by ensuring diversity and inclusiveness. It helps in minimizing biases that might occur if the sampling was random and overlooked certain groups.
  • Application in Alcohol Studies: With stratified sampling, researchers can examine how different communities consume alcohol and analyze patterns influenced by local customs, economic conditions, and access to different types of alcohol.
This methodology is instrumental in making robust and reliable conclusions in the field of alcohol consumption research, offering a comprehensive view that considers multiple layers of influence.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The report "Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in \(2004:\) An Analysis of Usage Rates and Trends" (Nellie Mae, May 2005 ) estimated that \(21 \%\) of undergraduates with credit cards pay them off each month and that the average outstanding balance on undergraduates' credit cards is \(\$ 2169 .\) These estimates were based on an online survey that was sent to 1260 students. Responses were received from 132 of these students. Is it reasonable to generalize the reported estimates to the population of all undergraduate students? Address at least two possible sources of bias in your answer.

A pollster for the Public Policy Institute of California explains how the Institute selects a sample of California adults ("It's About Quality, Not Quantity," San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 21,2000 ): That is done by using computer-generated random residential telephone numbers with all California prefixes, and when there are no answers, calling back repeatedly to the original numbers selected to avoid a bias against hard-to- reach people. Once a call is completed, a second random selection is made by asking for the adult in the household who had the most recent birthday. It is as important to randomize who you speak to in the household as it is to randomize the household you select. If you didn't, you'd primarily get women and older people. Comment on this approach to selecting a sample. How does the sampling procedure attempt to minimize certain types of bias? Are there sources of bias that may still be a concern?

Researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto compared babies born to mothers with diabetes to babies born to mothers without diabetes ("Conditioning and Hyperanalgesia in Newborns Exposed to Repeated Heel Lances," Journal of the American Medical Association \([2002]: 857-861\) ). Babies born to mothers with diabetes have their heels pricked numerous times during the first 36 hours of life in order to obtain blood samples to monitor blood sugar level. The researchers noted that the babies born to diabetic mothers were more likely to grimace or cry when having blood drawn than the babies born to mothers without diabetes. This led the researchers to conclude that babies who experience pain early in life become highly sensitive to pain. Comment on the appropriateness of this conclusion.

"More than half of Califomia's doctors say they are so frustrated with managed care they will quit, retire early, or leave the state within three years." This conclusion from an article titled "Doctors Feeling Pessimistic, Study Finds" (San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 15,2001 ) was based on a mail survey conducted by the California Medical Association. Surveys were mailed to 19,000 Califomia doctors, and 2000 completed surveys were returned. Describe any concerns you have regarding the conclusion drawn.

For each of the situations described, state whether the sampling procedure is simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, or convenience sampling. a. All freshmen at a university are enrolled in 1 of 30 sections of a seminar course. To select a sample of freshmen at this university, a researcher selects 4 sections of the seminar course at random from the 30 sections and all students in the 4 selected sections are included in the sample. b. To obtain a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a university, a researcher randomly selects 50 faculty members from a list of faculty, 100 students from a list of students, and 30 staff members from a list of staff. c. A university researcher obtains a sample of students at his university by using the 85 students enrolled in his Psychology 101 class. d. To obtain a sample of the seniors at a particular high school, a researcher writes the name of each senior on a slip of paper, places the slips in a box and mixes them, and then selects 10 slips. The students whose names are on the selected slips of paper are included in the sample. e, To obtain a sample of those attending a basketball game, a researcher selects the 24 th person through the door. Then, every 50 th person after that is also included in the sample.
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