91影视

The urinary fluoride concentration (parts per million) was measured both for a sample of livestock grazing in an area previously exposed to fluoride pollution and for a similar sample grazing in an unpolluted region:

Does the data indicate strongly that the true average fluoride concentration for livestock grazing in the polluted region is larger than for the unpolluted region? Use the Wilcoxon rank-sum test at level\(\alpha = .01\).

The study reported in 鈥淕ait Patterns During Free Choice Ladder Ascents鈥� (Human Movement Sci., 1983: 187鈥�195) was motivated by publicity concerning the increased accident rate for individuals climbing ladders. A number of different gait patterns were used by subjects climbing a portable straight ladder according to specified instructions. The ascent times for seven subjects who used a lateral gait and six subjects who used a four-beat diagonal gait are given.

Lateral 0.86 1.31 1.64 1.51 1.53 1.39 1.09

Diagonal 1.27 1.82 1.66 0.85 1.45 1.24

a. Carry out a test using a 5 .05 to see whether the data suggests any difference in the true average ascent times for the two gaits.

b. Compute a 95% CI for the difference between the true average gait times.

Suppose we wish to test.

: the X and Y distributions are identical

versus

: the X distribution is less spread out than the Y

distribution

The accompanying figure pictures X and Y distributions for which is true. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test is not appropriate in this situation because when is true as pictured, the Y鈥檚 will tend to be at the extreme ends of the combined sample (resulting in small and large Y ranks), so the sum of X ranks will result in a W value that is neither large nor small.

Consider modifying the procedure for assigning ranks as follows: After the combined sample of m + n observations is ordered, the smallest observation is given rank 1, the largest observation is given rank 2, the second smallest is

given rank 3, the second largest is given rank 4, and so on. Then if is true as pictured, the X values will tend to be in the middle of the sample and thus receive large ranks. Let W鈥� denote the sum of the X ranks and consider an uppertailed test based on this test statistic. When is true, every possible set of X ranks has the same probability, so W鈥� has the same distribution as does W when H0 is true. The accompanying data refers to medial muscle thickness for arterioles from the lungs of children who died from sudden infant death syndrome (x鈥檚) and a control group of children (y鈥檚). Carry out the test of versus at level .05.

SIDS 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.9

Control 3.7 4.1 4.3 5.1 5.6

Consult the Lehmann book (in the chapter bibliography) for more information on this test, called the Siegel-Tukey test.