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Chapter 7: Problem 31

According to The Washington Post, \(72 \%\) of high school seniors have a driver's license. Suppose we take a random sample of 100 high school seniors and find the proportion who have a driver's license. a. What value should we expect for our sample proportion? b. What is the standard error? c. Use your answers to parts a and \(\mathrm{b}\) to complete this sentence: We expect _____% to have their driver鈥檚 license, give or take _____%. d. Suppose we increased the sample size from 100 to 500 . What effect would this have on the standard error? Recalculate the standard error to see if your prediction was correct.

Short Answer

Expert verified
a) Expected sample proportion is \(72\%\). \n b) Standard error is \(4.47\%\). \n c) We expect \(72\%\) to have their driver鈥檚 license, give or take \(4.47\%\). \n d) The standard error would decrease with the increase in sample size. For a sample size of 500, the standard error is \(0.02\) or \(2\%\).

Step by step solution

01

Compute the Expected Proportion

The expected value for our sample proportion can be calculated directly from the given data. Since we know that \(72\%\) or \(0.72\) of high school seniors have a driver's license, we would expect the sample proportion to also be \(0.72\). Hence, the expected value is \(0.72\) or \(72\%\).
02

Calculate Standard Error

The standard error (SE) is used to measure the statistical accuracy of an estimate. In case of proportion it can be calculated by using the formula \(SE = \sqrt{{p(1-p)}/n}\), where \(p\) is the proportion (in our case that is \(0.72\)) and \(n\) is the sample size (which is 100 in our case). After plugging these values into the formula, we get \(SE = \sqrt{{0.72 * (1 - 0.72)}/100} = 0.0447\).
03

Complete the Sentence

With the above result, we can complete the sentence as follows: We expect \(72\%\) to have their driver's license, give or take \(4.47\%\).
04

Determine the Impact of Increasing the Sample Size

Increasing the sample size generally reduces the standard error, which in turn increases the precision of our sample estimate. Now, let's recalculate the standard error with \(n = 500\). Using the same formula as before, \(SE = \sqrt{{0.72 * (1 - 0.72)}/500} = 0.02\). As expected, the standard error decreased when we increased the sample size from 100 to 500.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Sample Proportion
The sample proportion represents the percentage of a subset, in this case, high school seniors who possess a driver's license. When dealing with problems like these, the sample proportion serves as an estimate of the entire population's proportion. In our original exercise, it was given that 72% of high school seniors have a driver's license. If we randomly select 100 seniors, we anticipate finding approximately 72 who have a license, making our sample proportion 0.72 or 72%. This value is our best guess at the population proportion based on the sample.
Standard Error
The standard error (SE) is a measure used to understand the variability of a sample proportion as an estimate of a population proportion. It informs us about the accuracy of our estimate.
We calculate the SE using the formula: \( SE = \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}} \)where:
  • \( p \) is the sample proportion, 0.72 in this case.
  • \( n \) is the sample size, 100 for our initial calculation.
After performing the calculation, for a sample size of 100, we find an SE of 0.0447. This means our estimate of 72% is accurate to within roughly 4.47 percentage points.
Sample Size
Sample size is the number of individuals observed in a survey or experiment. It plays a critical role in determining the precision of our sample estimate. Larger sample sizes generally produce more accurate estimates.
Increasing the sample size results in a lower standard error, which indicates a more precise estimate. For example, when the sample size increased from 100 to 500 in the exercise, the standard error decreased from 0.0447 to 0.02. This reduction illustrates heightened accuracy, suggesting our sample proportion is closer to the true population proportion.
Statistical Accuracy
Statistical accuracy refers to how close an estimate approximates the true population parameter. This concept is tightly linked with both the sample size and the standard error.
A lower standard error implies higher statistical accuracy because it shows less variability in repeated samples. This enhances our confidence in the sample proportion as a valid representation of the true population proportion.
Thus, by increasing the sample size from 100 to 500, the standard error decreased, leading to improved statistical accuracy. Such a change ensures that our 72% estimate is a much tighter and reliable approximation of the population proportion.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts an annual Youth Risk Behavior Survey, surveying over 15,000 high school students. The 2015 survey reported that, while cigarette use among high school youth had declined to its lowest levels, \(24 \%\) of those surveyed reported using e-cigarettes. Identify the sample and population. Is the value \(24 \%\) a parameter or a statistic? What symbol would we use for this value?

According to a 2017 survey conducted by Netflix, \(46 \%\) of couples have admitted to "cheating" on their significant other by streaming a TV show ahead of their partner. Suppose a random sample of 80 Netflix subscribers is selected. a. What percentage of the sample would we expect have "cheated" on their partner? b. Verify that the conditions for the Central Limit Theorem are met. c. What is the standard error for this sample proportion? d. Complete the sentence: We expect _____% of streaming couples to admit to Netflix 鈥渃heating,鈥� give or take _____%.

Find the sample size required for a margin of error of 3 percentage points, and then find one for a margin of error of \(1.5\) percentage points; for both, use a \(95 \%\) confidence level. Find the ratio of the larger sample size to the smaller sample size. To reduce the margin of error to half, by what do you need to multiply the sample size?

Chapman University conducts an annual Survey of American Fears. One of the objectives of this survey is to collect annual data on the fears, worries, and concerns of Americans. In 2017 the survey sampled 1207 participants. One of the survey findings was that \(16 \%\) believe that Bigfoot is a real creature. Identify the sample and population. Is the value \(16 \%\) a parameter or a statistic? What symbol would be use for this value?

Two symbols are used for the mean: \(\mu\) and \(\bar{x}\). a. Which represents a parameter, and which a statistic? b. In determining the mean age of all students at your school, you survey 30 students and find the mean of their ages. Is this mean \(\bar{x}\) or \(\mu\) ?
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