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Chapter 1: Problem 4

Explain the meaning of an element, a variable, an observation, and a data set.

Short Answer

Expert verified
An 'element' is an item on which measurements are taken. A 'variable' is a characteristic or attribute that can vary among elements. An 'observation' is the set of measurements taken on an individual element. A 'data set' is a collection of observations on one or more variables made on a set of elements.

Step by step solution

01

Define Element

An element is an object on which a measurement is taken. In a data set, the element could refer to a person, an animal, a city, or any other unit under study. It's the 'who' or 'what' that the data is about.
02

Define Variable

A variable is a characteristic or property that can take on different values or categories. For example, if the elements are people, the variables might include characteristics like age, gender, height, income, etc. Variables serve as the characteristics being observed or measured in a data set.
03

Define Observation

An observation is the set of values recorded for a particular element. In a data set spreadsheet, this would typically correspond to a row. Each observation includes one value for each variable, representing the characteristics of a given element.
04

Define Data Set

A data set is a collection of observations on one or more variables. The data set includes all the collected data, usually in a structured format where rows represent observations (elements) and columns represent variables. It is the complete collection of data that will be analyzed.

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Explain the following. a. Random sample b. Nonrandom sample c. Convenience sample d. Judgment sample e. Quota sample

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