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Chapter 1: Problem 4

Explain the meaning of an element, a variable, an observation, and a data set.

Short Answer

Expert verified
An 'element' is an item on which measurements are taken. A 'variable' is a characteristic or attribute that can vary among elements. An 'observation' is the set of measurements taken on an individual element. A 'data set' is a collection of observations on one or more variables made on a set of elements.

Step by step solution

01

Define Element

An element is an object on which a measurement is taken. In a data set, the element could refer to a person, an animal, a city, or any other unit under study. It's the 'who' or 'what' that the data is about.
02

Define Variable

A variable is a characteristic or property that can take on different values or categories. For example, if the elements are people, the variables might include characteristics like age, gender, height, income, etc. Variables serve as the characteristics being observed or measured in a data set.
03

Define Observation

An observation is the set of values recorded for a particular element. In a data set spreadsheet, this would typically correspond to a row. Each observation includes one value for each variable, representing the characteristics of a given element.
04

Define Data Set

A data set is a collection of observations on one or more variables. The data set includes all the collected data, usually in a structured format where rows represent observations (elements) and columns represent variables. It is the complete collection of data that will be analyzed.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Classify the following quantitative variables as discrete or continuous. a. The amount of time a student spent studying for an exam b. The amount of rain last year in 30 cities c. The amount of gasoline put into a car at a gas station d. The number of customers in the line waiting for service at a bank at a given time

A professor is teaching a large class that has 247 students. He wants to select a sample of 15 students to do a study on the habits of his students. For each of the following sampling methods, explain what kind of method is used (e.g., is it a random sample, nonrandom sample, sample with replacement, sample without replacement, convenience sample, judgment sample, quota sample). a. There are 15 sociology majors in his class. He selects these 15 students to include in the sample. b. He goes through the roster and finds that he knows 30 of the 247 students. Using his knowledge about these students, he selects 15 students from these 30 to include in the sample. c. He enters names of all 247 students in a spreadsheet on his computer. He uses a statistical software (such as Minitab) to select 15 students.

Explain whether each of the following constitutes data collected from a population or a sample. a. The number of pizzas ordered on Fridays during 2015 at all of the pizza parlors in your town. b. The dollar values of auto insurance claims filed in 2015 for 200 randomly selected policies. c. The opening price of each of the 500 stocks in the S\&P 500 stock index on January 4,2016 . d. The total home attendance for each of the 18 teams in Major League Soccer during the 2015 season. e. The living areas of 35 houses listed for sale on March 7,2015 in Chicago, Illinois.

Explain the following. a. Random sample b. Nonrandom sample c. Convenience sample d. Judgment sample e. Quota sample

A group of veterinarians wants to test a new canine vaccine for Lyme disease. (Lyme disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick.) One hundred dogs are randomly selected to receive the vaccine (with their owners' permission) from an area that has a high incidence of Lyme disease. These dogs are examined by veterinarians for symptoms of Lyme disease once a month for a period of 12 months. During this 12 -month period, 10 of these 100 dogs are diagnosed with Lyme disease. During the same 12 -month period, \(18 \%\) of the unvaccinated dogs in the area are found to have contracted Lyme disease. a. Does this experiment have a control group? b. Is this a double-blind experiment? c. Identify any potential sources of bias in this experiment. d. Explain how this experiment could have been designed to reduce or eliminate the bias pointed out in part \(\mathrm{c}\).
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