/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 16 Explain the following. a. Rand... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 1: Problem 16

Explain the following. a. Random sample b. Nonrandom sample c. Convenience sample d. Judgment sample e. Quota sample

Short Answer

Expert verified
These five terms represent different methods of sampling: A random sample is chosen randomly, reducing bias; a nonrandom sample is not randomly chosen and carries a higher bias; a convenience sample is chosen based on availability or convenience; a judgment sample is chosen based on the opinion of an expert; a quota sample is chosen to capture a certain number of individuals from different groups.

Step by step solution

01

Define a Random Sample

A random sample is a subset of individuals collected from a larger population, where each individual is chosen randomly. This method reduces bias and promotes fair representation. It's normally done through techniques such as a lottery or computer generation.
02

Define a Nonrandom Sample

A nonrandom sample is where some individuals in a population have a chance of being selected than others. It's not randomly selected and has a significant bias. These are often easier to get, but the results may not be as reliable.
03

Define a Convenience Sample

A convenience sample is a type of nonrandom sample. In this method, individuals are selected based on their accessibility or convenience. The ease of obtaining responses is a primary consideration, but it tends to introduce bias because not every individual in the population has a chance to participate.
04

Define a Judgment Sample

A judgment sample (or purposive sample) is a type of nonrandom sample that is selected based on the opinion of an expert. Responses from individuals are collected based on specific attributes or qualities, and those who best meet the criteria are selected to participate.
05

Define a Quota Sample

A quota sample is a nonrandom sample where the researcher aims to capture a specific number of individuals in different categories to reflect the proportions in the population of interest. Quota samples have fixed quotas to increase representation of particular groups.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Random Sample
Random sampling is a statistical method used to create a sample from a larger population where every member has an equal chance of being selected. This approach minimizes bias and ensures that the sample is a fair representation of the entire population.
Being unbiased is crucial in research to generalize findings accurately. For example, you can select names from a hat or use a random number generator to pick participants.
  • This technique is ideal for ensuring that results are not skewed by outside influences.
  • It promotes reliability in data collection, helpful in producing valid research outcomes.
In essence, random samples allow researchers to make strong inferences from the sample back to the entire population.
Nonrandom Sample
A nonrandom sample occurs when some individuals in the population have a higher likelihood of being selected over others. This lack of randomness often introduces bias, leading to a sample that may not be representative of the population as a whole.
Although easier and sometimes more cost-effective to collect, nonrandom samples can skew research outcomes. For example:
  • Using a phone survey that only includes landline numbers may exclude younger individuals who primarily use cell phones.
  • Handpicking respondents based on sight may lead to selections based on visible demographics rather than true randomness.
Ultimately, while nonrandom sampling may be convenient, it can compromise the reliability of the findings.
Convenience Sample
Convenience sampling is one of the most common nonrandom sampling techniques. It emphasizes the ease with which data can be collected by choosing participants based on their availability or proximity to the researcher.
This method is often used for pilot studies and exploratory research, mainly due to its efficiency in both time and cost.
  • For instance, a student surveying classmates about a school policy is employing a convenience sample, as they are readily accessible.
  • However, there's a risk of bias since not everyone in the wider population has an equal chance of being part of the sample.
Despite its limitations, convenience sampling can provide preliminary insights but should be used with caution when generalizing findings.
Judgment Sample
In a judgment sample, also known as purposive sampling, participants are selected based on the discretion and expertise of the researcher. This method focuses on ensuring that the chosen sample possesses specific characteristics or qualities deemed essential for the study.
It relies heavily on the researcher's knowledge to select individuals who best fit the research criteria.
  • An expert in wildlife might choose to sample only endangered species for a conservation study, based on their experience and understanding of the field.
  • This method can be biased as it relies on subjective judgment and may not equally represent all possible subjects.
Judgment sampling can be very effective for qualitative research where specific insights or detailed understanding from knowledgeable participants is required.
Quota Sample
A quota sample is a nonrandom sampling method where the researcher identifies specific categories of the population and sets fixed quotas for each category. The aim is to ensure that the sample reflects the diversity of the entire population.
This sampling technique is particularly useful when certain subgroups need to be included proportionally.
  • For instance, a survey studying consumer behavior could aim for equal numbers of male and female respondents across different age groups.
  • Although aimed at achieving representation, it might still introduce bias as the selection within each quota is not random.
While helpful in capturing diverse perspectives, care must be taken to recognize its limitations in delivering truly unbiased results.

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

A survey of families living in a certain city was conducted to collect information on the following variables: age of the oldest person in the family, number of family members, number of males in the family, number of females in the family, whether or not they own a house, income of the family, whether or not the family took vacations during the past one year, whether or not they are happy with their financial situation, and the amount of their monthly mortgage or rent. a. Which of these variables are qualitative variables? b. Which of these variables are quantitative variables? c. Which of the quantitative variables of part \(\mathrm{b}\) are discrete variables? d. Which of the quantitative variables of part \(\mathrm{b}\) are continuous variables?

A survey based on a random sample taken from one borough of New York City showed that \(65 \%\) of the people living there would prefer to live somewhere other than New York City if they had the opportunity to do so. Based on this result, can the researcher say that \(65 \%\) of people living in New York City would prefer to live somewhere else if they had the opportunity to do so? Explain.

Explain the difference between an observational study and an experiment.

A magazine published a questionnaire for its readers to fill out and mail to the magazine's office. In the questionnaire, cell phone owners were asked how much they would have to be paid to do without their cell phones for one month. The magazine received responses from 5439 cell phone owners. a. What type of sample is this? Explain. b. To what kind(s) of systematic error, if any, would this survey be subject?

Indicate which of the following variables are quantitative and which are qualitative. a. The amount of time a student spent studying for an exam b. The amount of rain last year in 30 cities c. The arrival status of an airline flight (early, on time, late, canceled) at an airport d. A person's blood type e. The amount of gasoline put into a car at a gas station
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

Mechanics Maths

Read Explanation

Applied Mathematics

Read Explanation

Discrete Mathematics

Read Explanation

Statistics

Read Explanation

Logic and Functions

Read Explanation

Pure Maths

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.