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Chapter 2: Problem 79

According to the article "Effect of Preparation Methods on Total Fat Content, Moisture Content. and Sensory Characteristics of Breaded Chicken Nuggets and Beef Steak Fingers" (Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal [1999]: \(18-27\), sensory tests were conducted using 40 college student volunteers at Texas Women's University. Give three reasons, apart from the relatively small sample size, why this sample may not be ideal as the basis for generalizing to the population of all college students.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Three reasons why this sample may not be ideal for generalizing include potential selection bias, geographical limitations, and considerable demographic variations.

Step by step solution

01

Recognize Selection Bias

Firstly, there could be a potential bias in the selection process. All participants in the study are volunteers coming from one specific university (Texas Women's University). Volunteers for a specific study might not represent the average mindset or opinions and are not distributed evenly across the population in terms of socio-economic status, major, year of study, etc.
02

Identify Geographical Limitations

Secondly, geographical limitation might impede the generalization of the results to all college students. The students sampled attend Texas Women's University, a specific geographical location. Therefore, not only their culture and social environment but also their food preferences, health, and diet awareness could be significantly different from students enrolled in other colleges or universities, especially those in other regions or countries.
03

Consider Demographic Variables

Finally, demographic variables can impact the generalizability of the findings. Factors such as age, gender, race, and other characteristics of the students might differ substantially from those of the general population of college students. For instance, if all samples are female as if following the name of the university, the findings could be skewed as men might have different preferences or sensory perceptions.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Selection Bias
In research, selection bias occurs when the participants chosen for the study do not accurately represent the larger population. This bias affects the validity of the study's results. In the context of the exercise, the study conducted at Texas Women's University involved volunteers, which can lead to biased outcomes.

Why is this bias problematic? Here are a few reasons:
  • Volunteers may have specific interests or characteristics that differ from those who did not volunteer.
  • The study involved students from a single university, so it might not reflect the diversity of all college students.
  • Socio-economic backgrounds, majors, and other factors might not be equally represented.
Recognizing and addressing selection bias is crucial for ensuring that research findings are applicable to a broader audience.
Geographical Limitations
Geographical limitations can significantly impact the applicability of research findings to a wider population. In the case of the sensory tests at Texas Women's University, the geographical location plays a critical role.

Here's how geographical factors might restrict the study's generalizability:
  • The cultural and social environment of the Texas region may influence students' food preferences and perceptions.
  • Different geographical regions have varying levels of access to food options, affecting diet and health awareness.
  • Climate and lifestyle in Texas can be quite different from those in other states or countries, potentially leading to different sensory experiences.
Considering geographical limitations is essential to determine whether findings can be extended beyond the immediate sample.
Demographic Variables
Demographic variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity play a pivotal role in determining whether study results can be generalized. In the study conducted at Texas Women's University, several demographic considerations are at play.

Key demographic factors include:
  • Age: College students' perceptions and experiences can vary greatly depending on their year of study and age bracket.
  • Gender: If the sample predominantly consists of women, which might be inferred from the university's name, it skews the results, leaving male opinions underrepresented.
  • Race and Ethnicity: Sensory perceptions and preferences may differ significantly across different racial and ethnic groups.
Understanding demographic variables helps ensure that conclusions drawn from a study are diverse and relevant to a global college student population.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

An article titled "I Said, Not While You Study: Science Suggests Kids Can't Study and Groove at the Same Time" appeared in the Washington Post (September 5,2006 ). This provides an example of a reporter summarizing the result of a scientific study in a way that is designed to make it accessible to the newspaper's readers. You can find the newspaper article online by searching on the title or by going to http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/03/AR2006090300592 html. The study referenced in the newspaper article was published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science and can be found at http://www.pnas.org/ content/103/31/11778.full. Read the newspaper article and then take a look at the published paper. Comment on whether you think that the author was successful in communicating the findings of the study to the intended audience.

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Researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto compared babies born to mothers with diabetes to babies born to mothers without diabetes (鈥淐ondition- ing and Hyperanalgesia in Newborns Exposed to Repeated Heel Lances," Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 857-861). Babies born to mothers with diabetes have their heels pricked numerous times during the first 36 hours of life in order to obtain blood samples to monitor blood sugar level. The researchers noted that the babies born to diabetic mothers were more likely to grimace or cry when having blood drawn than the babies born to mothers without diabetes. This led the researchers to conclude that babies who experience pain early in life become highly sensitive to pain. Comment on the appropriateness of this conclusion.

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