Chapter 1: Problem 46
You can find many testimonials on the Internet that drinking aloe vera juice helps with digestive ailments. From these testimonials can we conclude that aloe vera juice causes digestive problems to go away? Why or why not?
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Chapter 1: Problem 46
You can find many testimonials on the Internet that drinking aloe vera juice helps with digestive ailments. From these testimonials can we conclude that aloe vera juice causes digestive problems to go away? Why or why not?
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A doctor who believes strongly that antidepressants work better than "talk therapy" tests depressed patients by treating half of them with antidepressants and the other half with talk therapy. After six months the patients are evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 , with 5 indicating the greatest improvement. a. The doctor is concerned that if his most severely depressed patients do not receive the antidepressants, they will get much worse. He therefore decides that the most severe patients will be assigned to receive the antidepressants. Explain why this will affect his ability to determine which approach works best. b. What advice would you give the doctor to improve his study? c. The doctor asks you whether it is acceptable for him to know which treatment each patient receives and to evaluate them himself at the end of the study to rate their improvement. Explain why this practice will affect his ability to determine which approach works best. d. What improvements to the plan in part c would you recommend?
Indicate whether the study is an observational study or a controlled experiment. A researcher is interested in the effect of music on memory. She randomly divides a group of students into three groups: those who will listen to quiet music, those who will listen to loud music, and those who will not listen to music. After the appropriate music is played (or not played), she gives all the students a memory test.
Yoga and High-Risk Adolescents Can mindful yoga have a beneficial impact on alcohol use in high-risk adolescents? Read excerpts from the research published in The Journal of Child and Family Studies and answer the questions that follow. (Source: Fishbein et al., "Behavioral and psychophysiological effects of a yoga intervention on high-risk adolescents: A randomized control trial," Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 25 [February 2016]: 518-529, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0231-6) Abstract: We designed a 20-session mindful yoga intervention for adolescents attending a school for students at high risk of dropping out, The 69 participants were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. Survey data were collected before and after the yoga curriculum. At the post test, students in the yoga condition exhibited trends toward decreased alcohol use as compared to control students. a. Identify the treatment variable and the response variable. b. Was this a controlled experiment or an observational study? c. Based on this study, can you conclude that yoga caused a decrease in alcohol use? Why or why not?
An article by Wakefield et al. in the British medical journal Lancet claimed that autism was caused by the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine is typically given to children twice, at about the age of 1 and again at about 4 years of age. In the article 12 children with autism who had all received the vaccines shortly before developing autism were studied. The article was later retracted by Lancet because the conclusions were not justified by the design of the study. Can you conclude that the MMR vaccine causes Autism from this study? Explain why Lancet might have felt that the conclusions (MMR causes autism) were not justified by listing potential flaws in the study, as described above. (Source: A. J. Wakefield et al., "Ileal lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non- specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children." Lancet, vol. 351 (February \(1998): 637-641\) )
The projected U.S. population is given for different decades. The projected number of people 65 years of age or older is also given. Find the percentage of people 65 or over and comment on the trend over time. Numbers are in millions of people (Source: 2017 World Almanac and Book of Facts) $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|} \hline \text { Year } & \text { Population } & \text { Older Population } \\ \hline 2020 & 334 & 54.8 \\ \hline 2030 & 358 & 70.0 \\ \hline 2040 & 380 & 81.2 \\ \hline 2050 & 400 & 88.5 \\ \hline \end{array} $$
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