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Chapter 5: Q4P (page 114)

Distinguish raw data, treated data, and results.

Short Answer

Expert verified
  • Raw data are the unprocessed measurements collected from the specimens being studied.
  • Treated data are the concentrations found from the raw data with the use of calibration procedures.
  • Results are the reported data after the application of various statistical analyses to the treated data.

Step by step solution

01

Raw data, Treated data and results

Raw data:

Raw data are data's which can be measured directly.

Examples such as peak area in a chromatogram or volume from a burette.

Treated data:

When the raw data applied using calibration methods the resultant data obtained is known as treated data.

Results:

Results are ultimate reports that we report after the application of statistical methods (mean, standard deviation) to the Treated data.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Europium is a lanthanide element found at parts per billion levels in natural waters. It can be measured from the intensity of orange light emitted when a solution is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation. Certain organic compounds that bindEu(III)are required to enhance the emission. The figure shows standard addition experiments in which10.00mLof sample and20.00mLcontaining a large excess of organic additive were placed in 50-mL volumetric flasks. Then Eu(III) standards (0,5.00,10.00,or15.00mL) were added and the flasks were diluted to50.0mLwithH2O. Standards added to tap water contained0.152ng/mL(ppb) of Eu(III), but those added to pond water were 100 times more concentrated (15.2 ng/mL).


(a) Calculate the concentration of Eu(III)(ng/mL) in pond water and tap water.

(b) For tap water, emission peak area increases by.4.61units when 10.00mL of 0.152ng/mL standard are added. This response is4.61 units/1.52ng = 3.03units per ng ofEu(III). For pond water, the response is12.5units when10.00mLof15.2ng/mLstandard are added, or0.0822units per ng. How would you explain these observations? Why was standard addition necessary for this analysis?

Standard addition graph. Students performed an experiment like that in Figure 5-7 in which each flask contained 25.00mLof serum, varying additions of 2.640MNaCIstandard, and a total volume of 50.00mL.


(a) Prepare a standard addition graph and find [Na+]in the serum.

(b) Find the standard deviation and 95%confidence interval for [Na+].

5-28. Ititandard addition. Lead in dry river sediment was extracted with 25wt%HNO3at35掳Cfor1h.then1.00mLof filtered extract was mixed with other reagents to bring the total volume to V0=4.60mL.pb(ll)was measured electrochemically with a series of standard additions of 2.50pb(ll).


(a) Volume is not constant, so follow the procedure of Figures 5-5 and 5-6 to find ppmpb(ll)inthe1.00-mL

extract.

(b) Find the standard uncertainty and 95%confidence interval for the x-intercept of the graph. Assuming that uncertainty in intercept is larger than other uncertainties, estimate the uncertainty in ppm pb(ll)inthe1.00-mLextract.

How can you validate precision and accuracy?

What is the difference between repeatability and reproducibility? Define the following terms: instrument precision, intra-assay precision, intermediate precision, and interlaboratory precision. Which type of precision is a synonym for reproducibility?
See all solutions

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