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Chapter 22: Q3P (page 559)

Bone consists of the protein collagen and the mineral hydroxyapatite, ${Ca}_{10} {({PO}_{4})}_{6} {(OH)}_{2}$ The content of archaeological human skeletons measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption sheds light on customs and economic status of individuals in historical times 37 . Explain why ${La}^{3 +}$ is added to bone samples to suppress matrix interference in analysis.

Short Answer

Expert verified

${La}^{3 +}$ appears to be a releasing agent, as it preferentially reacts with ${PO}_{4}^{2 -}$ ,releasing ${Pb}^{2 +}$

Step by step solution

01

Define release agent.

A release agent (also known as a release coating, release agent, or mould release coating) is a substance that prevents other materials from adhering to surfaces. Mould release, die-cast release, plastic release, adhesive release, tyre and web release are all procedures where it can help.

02

Explain why La3+is added to bone samples to suppress matrix interference in Pb analysis.

To avoid the chemical matrix effect, ${La}^{3 +}$ is employed. By creating thermally stable compounds, ${PO}_{4}^{2 -}$ prevents the atomization of ${Pb}^{2 +} . {La}^{3 +}$ appears to be a releasing agent, as it preferentially reacts with ${Po}_{4}^{2 -}$ , releasing ${Pb}^{2 -}$

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Explain the purpose of the dynamic reaction cell in Figure 21-30. (b) In geologic strontium isotopic analysis, there is isobaric interferencebetween $^{87} {Rb}^{+}$ and $^{87} {Sr}^{+}$ A dynamic reaction cell with ${CH}_{3} F$ converts ${Sr}^{+}$ to ${SrF}^{+}$ but does not convert ${Rb}^{+}$ to ${RbF}^{+}$ How does this reaction eliminate interference?

Quantitative analysis by selected ion monitoring. Caffeine in beverages and urine can be measured by adding caffeine- $D_{3}$ as an internal standard and using selected ion monitoring to measure each compound by gas chromatography. The figure shows mass chromatograms of caffeine (m/z,194)and caffeine-D $D_{3} (m - z . 197)$ , which have nearly the same retention time.

Suppose that the following data were obtained for standard mixtures:

(a) Compute the mean response factor in the equation

role="math" localid="1664874599903" $\frac{Area of analyte signal}{Area of standard single} = F (\frac{concentration of analyte}{concentration of standard})$

(b) For analysis of a cola beverage, 1.000mL of beverage was treated with $50.0 渭尝$ of standard solution containing 1.11 g/Lcaffeine- $D_{3}$ in methanol. The combined solution was passed through a solid-phase extraction cartridge that retains caffeine. Polar solutes were washed off with water. Then the caffeine was washed off the cartridge with an organic solvent and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in $50 渭尝$ of methanol for gas chromatography. Peak areas were 1144 for m/z197 and 1733 for m/z194. Find the concentration of caffeine (mg/L ) in the beverage.

Chlorate $({CIO}^{-}_{3})$ , chlorite $({CIO}^{-}_{2})$ , bromate $({BrO}^{-}_{3})$ , and iodate $({IO}^{-}_{3})$ can be measured in drinking water at the 1-ppb level with 1% precision by selected reaction monitoring. Chlorate and chlorite arise from ${CIO}_{2}$ used as a disinfectant. Bromate and iodate can be formed from ${Br}^{-}$ or $I^{-}$ when water is disinfected with ozone $(O_{3})$ . For the highly selective measurement of chlorate, the negative ion selected by Q1 in Figure 22-33 is m/z 83 and the negative ion selected by Q3 is m/z 67. Explain how this measurement works and how it distinguishes ${CIO}_{3}^{-}$ from ${CIO}_{2}^{-}$ , ${BrO}_{3}^{-}$ , and ${IO}_{3}^{-}$

30: (a)The mean free pathis the average distance a molecule travels before colliding with another molecule. The mean free path, l, is given by l 5 kT/(12sP), where kis Boltzmann鈥檚 constant, Tis temperature (K), Pis pressure (Pa), and s is the collision cross section. For a molecule with a diameter d, the collision cross section is pd2. The collision cross section is the area swept out by the molecule within which it will strike any other molecule it encounters. The magnetic sector mass spectrometer is maintained at a pressure of |1025 Pa so that ions do not collide with (and deflect) one another as they travel through the mass

analyzer. What is the mean free path of a molecule with a diameter of 1 nm at 300 K in the mass analyzer?

(b)The vacuum in an orbital mass separator is 1028 Pa. Find the mean free path in the orbital for the same conditions as (a).

Phytoplankton at the ocean surface maintain the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering their lipid (fat) composition when the temperature changes. When the ocean temperature is high, plankton synthesize relatively more 37:2 than $37 : 3^{64}$ $\underset{37 : 2 = C_{37} H_{70} O}{\underset{铃�}{O}} {({CH}_{2})}_{11} {{({CH}_{2})}_{5} CH)}_{13} {CH}_{3}$

After they die, plankton sink to the ocean fl oor and end up buried insediment. The deeper we sample a sediment, the further back into time we delve. By measuring the relative quantities of cell-membrane compounds at different depths in the sediment, we can infer the temperature of the ocean long ago. The molecular ion regions of the chemical ionization mass spectra of 37:2 and 37:3 are listed in the table. Predict the expected intensities of M, M11, and M12 for each of the four species listed. Include contributions from C, H, O, and N, as appropriate. Compare your predictions with the observed values. Discrepant intensities in these data are typical unless care is taken to obtain high-quality data.

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