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(a) List ways in which the resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed.

(b) After optimization of an isocratic elution with several solvents, the resolution of two peaks is 1.2How might you improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase?

Short Answer

Expert verified

a) The resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed

- by changing the fraction of each solvent

- by changing the solvent

- by changing the PH

- by changing the stationary phase

- by changing the temperature

Step by step solution

01

Resolution of elution definition

The resolution of a elution is a quantitative measure of how well two elution peaks can be differentiated in a chromatographic separation.

02

Improving the resolution  

a) The resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed

- by changing the fraction of each solvent

- by changing the solvent

- by changing the PH

- by changing the stationary phase

- by changing the temperature

Question: (b) After optimization of an isocratic elution with several solvents, the resolution of two peaks is How might you improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase?


Answer:

To improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase we can use a different temperature, longer column, slower flow rate and smaller particle size.

03

Resolution of elution definition

The resolution of a elution is a quantitative measure of how well two elution peaks can be differentiated in a chromatographic separation.

04

Improving the Resolution  

To improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase we can use a different temperature, longer column, slower flow rate and smaller particle size

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Two peaks emerge from a reversed-phase chromatography column as sketched in the illustration.

According to Equation 23-33, resolution is given by

Resolution=N4(α-1)α(k21+k2)

where Nis plate number, αis relative retention (Equation23-20), and k2 is the retention factor for the more retained component (Equation 23-16).

(a) If you decrease the amount of organic solvent in the mobile phase, you will increase retention. Sketch the chromatogram if retention factors increase but Nand αare constant.

(b) If you change the solvent type or the stationary phase, you will change the relative retention. Sketch the chromatogram ifαincreases but Nandk1are constant.

(c) If you decrease particle size or increase column length, you can increase the plate number. Sketch the chromatogram if Nincreases by (i) decreasing particle size and (ii) increasing column length. Assume αand k2are constant.

What are the general steps in developing as isocratic separation for reversed-phase chromatography with one organic solvent and temperature as variable?

what are criteria for an adequate isocratic chromatographic separation?

Morphine and morphine 3-b-d-glucuronide were separated on two different 50 3 4.6 mm columns with 3-mm particles.61 Column A was C18-silica run at 1.4 mL/min and column B was bare silica run at 2.0 mL/min.

(a) Estimate the volume,Vm, and time,tm, at which unretained solute would emerge from each column. The observed times are 0.65 min for column A and 0.50 min for column B.

(b) Column A was eluted with 2 vol% acetonitrile in water containing 10 mM ammonium formate at pH 3. Morphine 3-β-d-glucuro-nide emerged at 1.5 min and morphine at 2.8 min. Explain the order of elution.

(c) Find the retention factor k for each solute on column A, usingtm5 0.65 min.

(d) Column B was eluted with a 5.0-min gradient beginning at 90 vol% acetonitrile in water and ending at 50 vol% acetonitrile in water. Both solvents contained 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3. Morphine emerged at 1.3 min and morphine 3-b-d-glucuronide emerged at 2.7 min. Explain the order of elution. Why does the gradient go from high to low acetonitrile volume fraction?

(e) From Equation 25-12 in Box 25-4, estimate k* on Column B assuming S = 4 and withtm5 0.50 min.

Chromatography–mass spectrometry. HPLC separation of

enantiomers of the drug Ritalin on a chiral stationary phase was

shown in Problem 25-13.

(a) Detection is by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with

selected reaction monitoring of the m/z 23484 transitions. Explain

how this detection works and propose structures for m/z 234 and m/z 84.

(b) For quantitative analysis, the internal standardH32-Ritalin with

a deuterated methyl group was added. Deuterated enantiomers have

the same retention times as unlabelled enantiomers. Which selected

reaction monitoring transition should be monitored to produce a

chromatogram of the internal standard in which unlabelled Ritalin

will be invisible?

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