/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 9 Atractyloside is a toxic glycosi... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 14: Problem 9

Atractyloside is a toxic glycoside from a Mediterranean thistle that specifically inhibits the ADP/ATP carrier. Why does atractyloside cause electron transport to be inhibited as well?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Atractyloside inhibits the ADP/ATP carrier, preventing ADP from entering the mitochondria where it would normally be converted into ATP - the cell's main energy carrier. This disrupts the proton gradient used in electron transport, thus inhibiting the process.

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the Role of ADP/ATP Carrier

The ADP/ATP carrier (also known as the adenosine nucleotide translocator) carries adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into the mitochondria and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) out. ATP is the main energy carrier in the cell, hence this transport is crucial for the cell's energy provision.
02

- Understand What Atractyloside Does

Atractyloside is a toxin that inhibits the ADP/ATP carrier. By doing this, it blocks ADP from entering the mitochondria, disrupting the normal flow of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial membrane.
03

- Understand the Connection to Electron Transport

The electron transport chain in the mitochondria uses the energy from electrons to pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient is then used to produce ATP from ADP. If the ADP/ATP carrier is inhibited, ADP cannot enter the mitochondria and ATP cannot be produced. As a result, the proton gradient builds up and the electrons have nowhere to go - this effectively inhibits the electron transport chain.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) The toxicity of cyanide \((\mathrm{CN} \Theta)\) results from its binding to the iron atoms of the cytochrome \(a, a_{3}\) complex and subsequent inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. How does this cyanide-iron complex prevent oxygen from accepting electrons from the electron-transport chain? (b) Patients who have been exposed to cyanide can be given nitrites that convert the \(\mathrm{Fe}(3\) iron in oxyhemoglobin to \(\mathrm{Fe}\) (3) (methemoglobin). Given the affinity of cyanide for \(\mathrm{Fe}\) (), suggest how this nitrite treatment might function to decrease the effects of cyanide on the electron-transport chain.

(a) Why does NADH generated in the cytosol and transported into the mitochondrion by the malate-aspartate shuttle produce fewer ATP molecules than NADH generated in the mitochondrion? (b) Calculate the number of ATP equivalents produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in the liver when the malate-aspartate shuttle is operating. Assume aerobic conditions and fully functional electron-transport and oxidative phosphorylation systems.

For each of the following two-electron donors, state the number of protons translocated from the mitochondrion, the number of ATP molecules synthesized, and the P/O ratio. Assume that electrons pass eventually to \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), NADH is generated in the mitochondrion, and the electrontransport and oxidative phosphorylation systems are fully functional. (a) \(\mathrm{NADH}\) (b) succinate (c) ascorbate/tetramethyl- \(p\)-phenylenediamine (donates two electrons to cytochrome \(c\) )

A gene has been identified in humans that appears to play a role in the efficiency with which calories are utilized, and anti-obesity drugs have been proposed to regulate the amount of the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) produced by this gene. The UCP-2 protein is present in many human tissues and has been shown to be a proton translocator in mitochondrial membranes. Explain how increasing the presence of the UCP-2 protein might lead to weight loss in humans.

(a) Why is the outward transport of ATP favored over the outward transport of ADP by the adenine nucleotide transporter? (b) Does this ATP translocation have an energy cost to the cell?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

The Earths Atmosphere

Read Explanation

Nuclear Chemistry

Read Explanation

Organic Chemistry

Read Explanation

Kinetics

Read Explanation

Chemical Reactions

Read Explanation

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.