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Chapter 26: Q37P (page 1180)

Sodium nitrite, a common food preservative (page 906), is capable of causing mutations in an acidic environment by converting cytosines to uracils. Explain how this occurs.

Short Answer

Expert verified

There are four nitrogenous bases that compose DNA. The nitrogenous base is adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine is paired with thymine with two hydrogen bonding while the cytosine is paired with guanine with three hydrogen bonding

Step by step solution

01

Nitrogenous base in DNA

There are four nitrogenous bases that compose DNA. The nitrogenous base is adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine is paired with thymine with two hydrogen bonding while the cytosine is paired with guanine with three hydrogen bonding

02

Mutations in an acidic environment

In an acidic environment, nitrite ion is protonated to nitrous acid. We have seen that nitrosonium is formed from nitrous acid.

The nitrosonium ion reacts with a primary amino group to form a diazonium ion which can be displaced by water.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw the structure for each of the following:

a. dCDP

b. dTTP

c. dUMP

d. UDP

e. guanosine triphosphate

f. adenosine 5鈥�-monophosphate

RNAase, the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of RNA, has two catalytically active histidine residues at its active site. One of the histidine residues is catalytically active in its acidic form, and the other is catalytically active in its basic form. Propose a mechanism for RNAase.

5-Bromouracil, a highly mutagenic compound (that is, a compound that causes changes in DNA), is used in cancer chemotherapy. When administered to a patient, it is converted to the triphosphate and incorporated into DNA in place of thymine, which it resembles sterically. Why does it cause mutations?

The amino acid sequences of peptide fragments obtained from a normal protein were compared with those obtained from the same protein synthesized by a defective gene. They were found to differ in only one peptide fragment. Their amino acid sequences are shown here:

Normal: Gln-Tyr-Gly-Thr-Arg-Tyr-Val

Mutant: Gln-Ser-Glu-Pro-Gly-Thr

a. What is the defect in DNA?

b. It was later determined that the normal peptide fragment is an octapeptide with a C-terminal Val-Leu. What is the C-terminal amino acid of the mutant peptide?

a. Using the single-letter abbreviations for the amino acids in Table 21.2, write the sequence of amino acids in a tetrapeptide represented by the first four different letters in your first name. Do not use any letter twice. (Because not all letters are assigned to amino acids, you might have to use one or two letters in your last name.)

b. Write one of the sequences of bases in mRNA that would result in the synthesis of that tetrapeptide.

c. Write the sequence of bases in the sense strand of DNA that would result in the formation of that fragment of mRNA.
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