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Chapter 25: Q-25-5P (page 1308)

Several commercial laundry soaps contain water-softening agents, usually sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium phosphate (Na3PO4or Na2HPO4). Explain how these water-softening agents allow soaps to be used in water that is hard by virtue of its-

(a) low pH

(b) dissolved Ca2+,Mg2+and Fe3+salts.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a). Both sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate will increase the pH above 6.

(b). In the presence of calcium, magnesium, and ferric ions, the carboxylate group of soap will form precipitates. Carbonate and phosphate ions will prevent the precipitation of soap from solution.

Step by step solution

01

Step-1. Explanation of part (a):

Sodium carbonate or washing soda and sodium phosphate are water-softening agents and will increase the pH above 6 so that the carboxyl group of the soap molecule will remain ionized, as at higher pH, the solution will be basic, so proton abstraction from carboxyl group is favoured and it prevents precipitation. These water softening agents can soften water that has temporary or permanent hardness.

02

Step-2. Explanation of part (b):

In the presence of calcium, magnesium, and ferric ions, the carboxylate group of soap will form precipitates called 鈥渉ard-water scum鈥�, and both carbonate and phosphate ions from sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate will form complexes or precipitates with these cations, hence, preventing the precipitation of soap from the solution.

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