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Which member of each pair produces the more acidic aqueous solution: \((\mathbf{a}) \mathrm{Zn} \mathrm{Br}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{CdCl}_{2},\) (b) \(\mathrm{CuCl}\) or \(\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (c) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{NiBr}_{2} ?\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
1. CdCl鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than ZnBr鈧. 2. CuCl and Cu(NO鈧)鈧 produce solutions with similar acidity. 3. NiBr鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than Ca(NO鈧)鈧.

Step by step solution

01

Compare ZnBr鈧 and CdCl鈧#a褋idity#

In order to compare the acidity of the resulting solutions when ZnBr鈧 and CdCl鈧 are dissolved in water, let's look at the elements involved: Zn, Cd, Br, and Cl. The acidity of their solutions will depend on their ability to release H鈦 ions when they form a solution. ZnBr鈧 dissolves in water to form Zn虏鈦 and 2Br鈦 ions, while CdCl鈧 dissolves in water to form Cd虏鈦 and 2Cl鈦 ions. Since both bromide and chloride ions are weak bases, we will focus on the cations 鈥 Zn虏鈦 and Cd虏鈦. Comparing their positions in the periodic table, Cd is immediately below Zn in the same group and has a larger atomic radius, so it forms weaker bonds with the surrounding water molecules. Hence, Cd虏鈦 ions will have a higher tendency to donate a proton (H鈦) to the water molecules to form hydronium ions (H鈧僌鈦), which increases the acidity of the solution. Therefore, CdCl鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than ZnBr鈧. 2.
02

Compare CuCl and Cu(NO鈧)鈧 acidity#

Both compounds result in the formation of Cu虏鈦 ions when dissolved in water. In the case of CuCl, it will form Cu虏鈦 and Cl鈦 ions, while Cu(NO鈧)鈧 will form Cu虏鈦 and 2NO鈧冣伝 ions. Chloride and nitrate ions are weak bases and minimally impact the acidity of the solution. Since both compounds result in the formation of Cu虏鈦 ions, neither one is more acidic than the other. CuCl and Cu(NO鈧)鈧 will produce solutions with similar acidity. 3.
03

Compare Ca(NO鈧)鈧 and NiBr鈧 acidity#

When dissolved in water, Ca(NO鈧)鈧 will form Ca虏鈦 and 2NO鈧冣伝 ions, while NiBr鈧 will form Ni虏鈦 and 2Br鈦 ions. The acidity of the resulting solutions again depends on their ability to release H鈦 ions. Nitrate and bromide ions are weak bases, so we will focus on the cations 鈥 Ca虏鈦 and Ni虏鈦. Comparing their positions in the periodic table, Ca is an alkaline earth metal located in Group 2, while Ni is a transition metal located in Group 10. Alkaline earth metals, like Ca, typically form basic oxides when they react with oxygen, whereas transition metals, like Ni, can form amphoteric oxides. Since amphoteric oxides can both donate and accept protons (H鈦), the Ni虏鈦 ions would have a higher tendency to donate a proton (H鈦) to the water molecules, which will result in a more acidic solution. Therefore, NiBr鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than Ca(NO鈧)鈧. #Summary# 1. CdCl鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than ZnBr鈧. 2. CuCl and Cu(NO鈧)鈧 produce solutions with similar acidity. 3. NiBr鈧 produces a more acidic aqueous solution than Ca(NO鈧)鈧.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Cation Acidity
Cation acidity is an important factor when determining the acidity of a solution. In simple terms, a cation is a positively charged ion, and its ability to make a solution more acidic depends on how readily it donates protons (H鈦 ions) to water.

When a cation dissolves in water, it interacts with water molecules. The strength of these interactions is influenced by properties such as the cation's charge and size. Generally, cations with a higher charge or smaller size tend to be more strongly polarized and can more easily donate H鈦 ions.

This proton donation increases the concentration of hydronium ions (H鈧僌鈦) in the solution, making it more acidic. Understanding these interactions helps explain why certain cations make aqueous solutions more acidic than others.
Periodic Table and Acidity
The position of a chemical element on the periodic table can give significant insights into its acidity characteristics. The periodic table is arranged in a way that groups elements with similar properties together. Generally, acidity can increase with elements located further down a group because they possess larger atomic radii.

For example, in the exercise, cadmium (Cd) is located below zinc (Zn). Because Cd has a larger size, its ions form weaker bonds with water, facilitating the release of H鈦 ions and thus creating a more acidic environment.

When comparing elements within the same group or period, these trends provide strong clues in predicting which might produce a more acidic solution upon dissolution.
Comparison of Ionic Compounds
When analyzing the acidity of ionic compounds, it's crucial to consider not only the cations and their interactions with water, but also the nature of the accompanying anions.

For instance, chloride and bromide ions in solutions are weak bases, meaning they do not significantly affect the solution's acidity. Thus, when comparing ionic compounds, the focus is primarily on the cations.

In cases like CuCl and Cu(NO鈧)鈧, the resultant Cu虏鈦 ions are the primary determinants of the acidity, since chloride and nitrate anions don鈥檛 contribute significantly to the acidity level. However, if an anion itself were acidic or basic, it could also influence the overall acidity of the solution.
Acid-Base Chemistry
Acid-base chemistry explores the reactions and interactions involving acids and bases. In aqueous solutions, acids donate protons (H鈦 ions) while bases accept them. The degree to which these interactions occur can vary greatly, impacting the solution's pH level.

The study of these reactions often includes examining the resulting ions and how they interact with water molecules. Strong acids completely ionize in water, releasing more H鈦 ions, thus making the solution more acidic. Conversely, weak acids only partially ionize, contributing less to the overall acidity.

In the exercise context, understanding these principles allows us to predict and compare the acidity of various ionic compounds when they dissolve. Knowing the nature of the cations and anions involved, along with the acid-base behavior, is key to mastering this aspect of chemistry.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

\(\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)\) and \(\mathrm{HCl}(g)\) react to form the ionic solid \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}(s) .\) Which substance is the Br酶nsted-Lowry acid in this reaction? Which is the Br酶nsted-Lowry base?

Which of the following statements is false? (a) An Arrhenius base increases the concentration of \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\) in water. (b) A Br酶nsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor. (c) Water can act as a Br酶nsted-Lowry acid. (d) Water can act as a Br酶nsted-Lowry base. (e) Any compound that contains an -OH group acts as a Br酶nsted-Lowry base.

Write the chemical equation and the \(K_{b}\) expression for the reaction of each of the following bases with water: (a) trimethylamine, \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N} ;\) (b) sulfite, \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2-}\); (c) cyanide, \(\mathrm{CN}^{-}\).

At the boiling point of water \(\left(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), K_{w}=5.6 \times 10^{-13} .\) Calculate \(\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]\) and \(\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]\) for a neutral solution at this temperature.

In many reactions, the addition of \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) produces the same effect as the addition of \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\). (a) Draw a Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) in which no atoms carry formal charges, and determine its structure using the VSEPR method. (b) What characteristic is notable about the structure in part (a) that helps us understand the acidic character of \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) ? (c) Predict the result of the reaction between \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) and \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) in a solvent that does not participate as a reactant. (d) Which acid-base theory is most suitable for discussing the similarities between \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) and \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) ?

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