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Chapter 9: Problem 7

The orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in the formation of hybrid orbitals by a silicon atom. What type of hybrid orbital is produced in this hybridization? [Section 9.5\(]\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The type of hybrid orbital produced in the hybridization of a silicon atom is the sp鲁 hybrid orbital. This is because silicon combines one 3s and three 3p orbitals, obtaining a total of four orbitals participating in the hybridization process.

Step by step solution

01

Determine the electron configuration of silicon

First, we need to determine the electron configuration of a silicon (Si) atom. Silicon has 14 electrons. Its electron configuration is: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p虏
02

Identify the valence electron orbitals

Next, let's identify the orbitals containing the valence electrons. In the electron configuration we found, the valence electrons are in the 3s and 3p orbitals. The valence electron configuration for silicon is: 3s虏 3p虏
03

Determine the orbitals participating in the hybridization

We need to figure out which orbitals are involved in the hybridization process. Since silicon has 4 valence electrons (2 in 3s and 2 in 3p), it needs 4 orbitals to accommodate these electrons. Silicon merges one 3s and three 3p orbitals in the hybridization process.
04

Identify the type of hybrid orbitals formed

Since silicon combines one 3s and three 3p orbitals, we have a total of four orbitals participating in the hybridization process. Therefore, the type of hybrid orbitals formed is sp鲁 hybrid orbitals. In conclusion, the type of hybrid orbital produced in the hybridization of a silicon atom is the sp鲁 hybrid orbital.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Orbital Diagram
An orbital diagram visually represents how electrons are distributed within an atom鈥檚 orbitals. It involves arrows indicating electrons and boxes representing the orbitals.
  • Each arrow represents an electron, and the direction of the arrow shows the electron spin, with each orbital holding up to two electrons with opposite spins.
  • Silicon's configuration, as described, includes arrows up and down in the 3s orbital and two arrows in separate 3p sub-orbitals.
  • The combination of these orbitals during hybridization influences the shape and bonding characteristics of the silicon atom in compounds.
An orbital diagram not only shows distribution but also gives clues about how these electrons may participate in chemical bonding.
Decoding Electron Configuration
Electron configuration details how electrons occupy the various energy levels and subshells within an atom. For silicon:
  • The electron configuration 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p虏 indicates 14 electrons distributed over the primary energy levels and subshells.
  • The 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals are filled completely, making them part of the core electrons.
  • The electrons in the 3s and 3p are considered valence electrons since they participate in bonding.
This configuration helps predict how an atom like silicon can form bonds through hybridization, merging its orbitals for stronger, effective bonds.
Valence Electrons and Their Role
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are crucial in determining how atoms interact with each other.
  • For silicon, the valence electron configuration is 3s虏 3p虏, indicating four valence electrons in the third shell.
  • The 3s and 3p electrons mingle through hybridization, forming sp鲁 orbitals, enabling silicon to form four bonds typically seen in molecules like silicon dioxide (SiO鈧�).
  • These electrons dictate the chemical reactivity and properties of silicon, highlighting their importance in molecular geometry and bonding properties.
Understanding valence electrons provides insight into why atoms bond the way they do, playing a vital role in the structural formation of compounds.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a characteristic angle. For each pair, determine the type of hybridization, if any, that could lead to hybrid orbitals at the specified angle.

(a) Starting with the orbital diagram of a sulfur atom, describe the steps needed to construct hybrid orbitals appropriate to describe the bonding in \(\mathrm{SF}_{2}\). (b) What is the name given to the hybrid orbitals constructed in (a)? (c) Sketch the large lobes of these hybrid orbitals. (d) Would the hybridization scheme in part (a) be appropriate for \(\mathrm{SF}_{4} ?\) Explain.

What property of the electron causes electron domains to have an effect on molecular shapes?

(a) What is the probability of finding an electron on the internuclear axis if the electron occupies a \(\pi\) molecular orbital? (b) For a homonuclear diatomic molecule, what similarities and differences are there between the \(\pi_{2 p}\) MO made from the \(2 p_{x}\) atomic orbitals and the \(\pi_{2 p}\) MO made from the \(2 p_{y}\) atomic orbitals? (c) How do the \(\pi_{2 p}^{*}\) MOs formed from the \(2 p_{x}\) and \(2 p_{y}\) atomic orbitals differ from the \(\pi_{2 p}\) MOs in terms of energies and electron distributions?

The lactic acid molecule, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{COOH},\) gives sour milk its unpleasant, sour taste. (a) Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule, assuming that carbon always forms four bonds in its stable compounds. (b) How many \(\pi\) and how many \(\sigma\) bonds are in the molecule? (c) Which CO bond is shortest in the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization of atomic orbitals around the carbon atom associated with that short bond? (e) What are the approximate bond angles around each carbon atom in the molecule?
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