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Chapter 11: Problem 65

In terms of the arrangement and freedom of motion of the molecules, how are the nematic liquid crystalline phase and an ordinary liquid phase similar? How are they different?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In both the nematic liquid crystal phase and ordinary liquid phase, molecules have freedom of movement and there is no long-range positional order. However, they differ in molecular arrangement and orientation. In a nematic liquid crystal phase, molecules are parallel to each other with some degree of orientational order, while in an ordinary liquid phase, the arrangement appears random and disordered. Additionally, the movement in nematic liquid crystal phase is more constrained due to the orientational order, leading to preferential movement along the direction of alignment, as opposed to isotropic movement in all directions in ordinary liquid phase.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase

A nematic liquid crystal phase is an intermediate phase between a solid and a liquid. In this state, the molecules have some degree of positional order, but they still have freedom to move. Specifically, molecules in the nematic phase are oriented in such a way that they are parallel to one another, but there is no long-range positional order like in a solid.
02

Understanding Ordinary Liquid Phase

In the ordinary liquid phase, molecules are close together and continuously moving but they lack any particular arrangement or orientation. Molecules in a liquid state have more freedom to move in comparison to those in solid, and there is no long-range positional or orientational order.
03

Similarities between Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase and Ordinary Liquid Phase

Both the nematic liquid crystal phase and ordinary liquid phase exhibit some degree of freedom for the movement of their molecules. In both phases, molecules can flow and change their positions. There is no long-range positional order present in both nematic and ordinary liquid phases.
04

Differences between Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase and Ordinary Liquid Phase

The main difference lies in the arrangement and orientation of their molecules. In a nematic liquid crystal phase, molecules exhibit a certain degree of orientational order as they align parallel to each other. In contrast, in an ordinary liquid phase, molecules lack any specific orientation and their arrangement appears random and disordered. In terms of molecular motion, the movement in nematic liquid crystal phase is more constrained compared to ordinary liquid phase due to the orientational order. The orientational order of nematic liquid crystal phase causes the molecules to preferentially move along the direction of alignment, while ordinary liquids allow isotropic movement in all directions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

As the intermolecular attractive forces between molecules increase in magnitude, do you expect each of the following to increase or decrease in magnitude? (a) vapor pressure, (b) heat of vaporization, (c) boiling point, (d) freezing point, (e) viscosity, (f) surface tension, (g) critical temperature.

The smectic liquid crystalline phase can be said to be more highly ordered than the nematic phase. In what sense is this true?

The following table gives the vapor pressure of hexafluorobenzene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{~F}_{6}\right)\) as a function of temperature: $$ \begin{array}{lc} \text { Temperature (K) } & \text { Vapor Pressure (torr) } \\ \hline 280.0 & 32.42 \\ 300.0 & 92.47 \\ 320.0 & 225.1 \\ 330.0 & 334.4 \\ 340.0 & 482.9 \end{array} $$ (a) By plotting these data in a suitable fashion, determine whether the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1 ) is obeyed. If it is obeyed, use your plot to determine \(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\) for \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{~F}_{6}\) (b) Use these data to determine the boiling point of the compound.

Explain how each of the following affects the vapor pressure of a liquid: (a) volume of the liquid, (b) surface area, (c) intermolecular attractive forces, (d) temperature, (e) density of the liquid.

At standard temperature and pressure the molar volume of \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) gases are \(22.06 \mathrm{~L}\) and \(22.40 \mathrm{~L},\) respectively (a) Given the different molecular weights, dipole moments, and molecular shapes, why are their molar volumes nearly the same? (b) \(\mathrm{On}\) cooling to \(160 \mathrm{~K}\), both substances form crystalline solids. Do you expect the molar volumes to decrease or increase on cooling to \(160 \mathrm{~K} ?\) (c) The densities of crystalline \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) at \(160 \mathrm{~K}\) are \(2.02 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) and \(0.84 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\), respectively. Calculate their molar volumes. (d) Are the molar volumes in the solid state as similar as they are in the gaseous state? Explain. (e) Would you expect the molar volumes in the liquid state to be closer to those in the solid or gaseous state?
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