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Chapter 9: Q61P (page 375)

Use Figure 9.20, p. 364, to indicate the polarity of each bond with a polar arrow:

(a) N-B

(b) N-O

(c) C-S

(d) S-O

(e) N-H

(f) Cl-O

Short Answer

Expert verified

Covalent bonds are typically referred to as "polar" or "nonpolar." To determine the polarity of a covalent bond numerically, compute the difference in electronegativity between the atoms; if the result is always between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond is polar covalent.

Step by step solution

01

Electronegativity and Polarity

As the absolute value of the electronegativity difference increases, so does the polarity of these bonds. The atom denoted by the 未鈥� symbol is the more electronegative of the two.

02

Polar arrow

Thus, the of each bond with a polar arrow is

(a) N鈫�B

(b) N鈫�O

(c) C鈫�S

(d) S鈫�O

(e) N鈫�H

(f)CI鈫�O

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Using the periodic table only, arrange the elements in each set in order of increasing EN: (a) I, Br, N; (b) Ca, H, F

Dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3 ) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH ) are constitutional isomers.

a) Calculate螖贬orx for the formation of each compound as a gas from methane and oxygen; water vapor forms.

b) state which reaction is more exothermic.

c) calculate螖贬orx for the conversion of ethanol to dimethyl ether

Heats of reaction calculated from bond energies and from heats of formation are often, but not always, close to each other.

a) Industrial ethanol (CH3CH2OH ) is produce by a catalytic reaction of ethylene (H2C=CH2 ) with water at high pressure and temperatures. Calculate螖贬orx for this gas-phase hydration of ethylene to ethanol, using bond energies and then using heats of formation.

b) ethylene glycol is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, which then reacts with water to form ethylene glycol:

The 螖贬orx for this hydrolysis step, based on heat of formation, is -97kJ/mol. Calculate 螖贬orx for the hydrolysis using bond energies.

c) why are two values relatively close for the hydration in part (a) but not close for the hydrolysis in part(b).

Are the bonds in each of the following substances ionic, nonpolar covalent, or polar covalent? Arrange the substances with polar covalent bonds in order of increasing bond polarity:

(a) KCl

(b) P4

(c) BE3

(d)SO2

(e) Br2

(f)NO2

Lattice energies can also be calculated for covalent solids using a Born-Haber cycle, and the network solid silicon dioxide has one of the highest 螖贬oLatticevalues. Silicon oxide is found in pure crystalline form as transparent rock quartz. Much harder than glass, this material was one prized for making lenses for optical devices and expensive spectacles. Use appendix B and the following data to calculate螖贬oLattice of SiO2 :

Si(s)鈫�Si(g)鈥勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌�螖贬o=454kJSi(g)鈫�Si4+(g)+4e-鈥勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌�螖贬o=9949kJO2(g)鈫�2O(g)鈥勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨�勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨�勨��螖贬o=498kJO(g)+2e-鈫�O2-(g)鈥勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌勨赌嬧赌嬧赌嬧赌勨赌勨赌�螖贬o=737kJ
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