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Chapter 24: Problem 42

Which of the following statements is/are true? (a) Breaking the \(P-\) O bond in ATP is an exothermic process. (b) Making a new bond between the phosphorus atom in the phosphate group being cleaved off ATP and the OH group of water is an exothermic process. (c) Breaking bonds is an endothermic process. (d) The energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP may be used to run endothermic reactions in a cell.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(b), (c), and (d) are true.

Step by step solution

01

Understand Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

Exothermic processes release energy, while endothermic processes absorb energy. Breaking bonds generally requires energy, thus it is endothermic. Forming bonds typically releases energy, so it is exothermic.
02

Analyze Statement (a)

Statement (a) claims that breaking the P-O bond in ATP is exothermic. According to the concept of bond breaking, this process absorbs energy and is therefore endothermic. Thus, statement (a) is false.
03

Analyze Statement (b)

Statement (b) refers to forming a new bond between the phosphorus atom and water during ATP hydrolysis. Forming bonds releases energy, making this process exothermic. Thus, statement (b) is true.
04

Analyze Statement (c)

Statement (c) asserts that breaking bonds is an endothermic process. Since breaking bonds requires energy input, this true statement reflects the definition of an endothermic process.
05

Analyze Statement (d)

Statement (d) mentions that energy from ATP hydrolysis can be used in endothermic reactions. ATP hydrolysis releases energy, which is often used to drive endothermic cellular reactions, supporting the claim that this statement is true.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Exothermic Process
An exothermic process is one in which energy is released into the surrounding environment. This release of energy often occurs because of bond formation.
For example, when a bond is formed between atoms, energy is often released, making it an exothermic process.
  • Exothermic reactions feel warm or hot because they transfer energy to their surroundings.
  • Many common reactions, such as combustion, are exothermic.
  • In the context of ATP hydrolysis, the formation of new bonds releases energy.
This is why statement (b) in the exercise is correct; forming the bond between the phosphorus and the water molecule releases energy.
Endothermic Process
In an endothermic process, energy is absorbed from the environment. This happens typically when bonds are broken.
Breaking bonds requires energy input, so these processes absorb energy.
  • Endothermic reactions often feel cooler because they absorb heat from the surroundings.
  • The melting of ice and photosynthesis are examples of endothermic processes.
  • The exercise demonstrates this concept in statement (c), explaining that breaking bonds requires energy, making it endothermic.
Therefore, the statement that ATP bond breaking is exothermic is incorrect, as breaking ATP's phosphate bond is an endothermic process, absorbing energy.
Bond Formation
Bond formation is a fundamental chemical process where atoms come together to form a stable arrangement by sharing or transferring electrons.
When bonds form, they release energy.
  • This release of energy when a bond is formed makes the process exothermic.
  • In biochemical terms, bond formation between different molecules like in ATP hydrolysis is crucial for releasing energy used in various cellular processes.
  • In the step-by-step solution, forming a bond between the phosphorus atom and water is highlighted as an exothermic reaction, exemplifying energy release.
Understanding bond formation helps explain why certain reactions release energy while others absorb it.
Energy Release
Energy release refers to the energy liberated in a chemical reaction, typically as a consequence of bond formation.
During ATP hydrolysis, energy is released when new bonds form between the phosphate group and water.
  • This released energy is a key feature of exothermic processes.
  • This energy is often harnessed by the cell to drive other reactions that require energy, known as endergonic processes.
  • Statement (d) in the exercise confirms this concept, revealing how the energy released from ATP hydrolysis helps power endothermic reactions in cells.
Understanding energy release is crucial for grasping how organisms perform functions and maintain life processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Insulin is a protein important in the metabolism of sugar. Its molar mass can be determined by means of an osmotic pressure experiment. A \(50.0-\mathrm{mg}\) sample of insulin was dissolved in enough water to make 100. mL of solution. This solution was determined to have an osmotic pressure of \(21.8 \mathrm{mm}\) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} .\) What is the molar mass of insulin? (Hint: The density of mercury is \(13.6 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .\) )

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Consider the following reaction: $$\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}+1 / 2 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow \mathrm{NAD}^{+}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$$ (a) Which species (NADH, H \(^{+}\), or \(\mathbf{O}_{2}\) ) undergoes oxidation? (b) Which species undergoes reduction? (c) Which species is the oxidizing agent? (d) Which species is the reducing agent?

The body processes ethanol by first converting it to acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. $$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NAD}^{+} \stackrel{\text { alcohol dehydrogenase }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CHO}+\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}$$ In the body, acetaldehyde can cause headaches and nausea and is one of the causes of hangovers. Eventually, the acetaldehyde is oxidized to the acetate ion and then converted to carbon dioxide and water. In the reaction of ethanol with \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+},\) which species (ethanol or \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) ) undergoes oxidation? Which species undergoes reduction?

(a) Draw the Lewis structure for the amino acid valine, showing the amino group and the carboxylic acid group in their un-ionized forms. (b) Draw the Lewis structure for the zwitterionic form of valine. (c) Which of these structures will be the predominant form at physiological pH?
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