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Chapter 24: Problem 25

Consider the following reaction: $$\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}+1 / 2 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow \mathrm{NAD}^{+}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$$ (a) Which species (NADH, H \(^{+}\), or \(\mathbf{O}_{2}\) ) undergoes oxidation? (b) Which species undergoes reduction? (c) Which species is the oxidizing agent? (d) Which species is the reducing agent?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) NADH; (b) O鈧�; (c) O鈧�; (d) NADH.

Step by step solution

01

Define Oxidation in the Reaction

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons during a reaction. We need to identify which species loses electrons in the given chemical reaction. In the reaction, NADH is converted to NAD鈦�. During this conversion, NADH loses electrons and a hydrogen ion (H鈦�), hence undergoing oxidation.
02

Define Reduction in the Reaction

Reduction involves the gain of electrons. To find the species undergoing reduction, we need to see which species gains electrons. The half molecule of oxygen gas (1/2 O鈧�) gains 2 electrons to form H鈧侽, thereby undergoing reduction.
03

Identify the Oxidizing Agent

The oxidizing agent is the species that causes oxidation by gaining electrons, thus it gets reduced. From Step 2, we determined that O鈧� is reduced to H鈧侽. Hence, O鈧� is the oxidizing agent in this reaction.
04

Identify the Reducing Agent

The reducing agent is the species that causes reduction by losing electrons, thus it gets oxidized. From Step 1, NADH was found to be oxidized to NAD鈦�. Therefore, NADH is the reducing agent in this reaction.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Oxidation
Oxidation is a fundamental concept in redox reactions. It refers specifically to the process where a chemical species loses electrons. In the context of the given reaction, NADH goes through oxidation because it loses electrons and a hydrogen ion (\( \text{H}^+ \)) during its conversion to NAD鈦�. An easy way to remember oxidation is by the mnemonic OIL鈥�"Oxidation Is Loss" of electrons.
  • Key Point: Oxidation is all about losing electrons and increasing the oxidation state of a molecule or ion.
  • Example in Reaction: NADH loses electrons to become NAD鈦�.
Reduction
Reduction is the gain of electrons by a chemical species in a reaction. It is the opposite of oxidation. In our reaction example, oxygen or specifically half a molecule of oxygen gas (\( \frac{1}{2} \text{O}_2 \)) gains electrons to form water (\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)). This is a classic example of reduction. Remember the mnemonic RIG鈥�"Reduction Is Gain" is useful to recall this concept easily.
  • Key Point: Reduction involves gaining electrons and a decrease in oxidation state.
  • Example in Reaction: \( \text{O}_2 \) gains electrons to form \( \text{H}_2\text{O} \).
Oxidizing Agent
The oxidizing agent in a chemical reaction is the species that causes another substance to be oxidized, meaning it gains electrons in the process. Hence, the oxidizing agent itself undergoes reduction. In our noted chemical reaction, oxygen (\( \text{O}_2 \)) is identified as the oxidizing agent because it gains electrons and is reduced to water (\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)). This can be a bit confusing, but remember that the oxidizing agent itself is reduced.
  • Key Point: Oxidizing agents accept electrons and are themselves reduced.
  • Example in Reaction: \( \text{O}_2 \) which is reduced to \( \text{H}_2\text{O} \).
Reducing Agent
The reducing agent in a reaction donates electrons, thereby causing another species to be reduced and itself to be oxidized. In the exercise example, \( \text{NADH} \) acts as the reducing agent as it loses electrons (\( \text{Oxidation} \)) and is converted to \( \text{NAD}^+ \). This means NADH is helping oxygen get reduced to water by giving it electrons. Remember, the reducing agent will always be oxidized itself.
  • Key Point: Reducing agents lose electrons and are oxidized in the process.
  • Example in Reaction: \( \text{NADH} \) which oxidizes to \( \text{NAD}^+ \).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Draw the structural formula for the sugar \(\beta\) -D-ribose. (b) Draw the structural formula for the nucleoside adenosine (it consists of \(\beta\) -D-ribose and adenine). (c) Draw the structural formula for the nucleotide adenosine \(5^{\prime}\) -monophosphate.

For many chemical reactions in the laboratory, a percent yield of the correct product of \(95 \%\) is considered very good. Many biochemical reactions, however, require a much greater percent yield of the correct product. (a) Assume that there is a process that replicates DNA with only \(95 \%\) accuracy for each nucleotide added and that we wish to make complementary copies of identical strands of DNA 10 nucleotides long. What fraction of the molecules produced would have the correct sequence of nucleotides? (b) Many naturally occurring DNA polymerases, enzymes that catalyze the replication of DNA, have an accuracy much greater, often being \(99.999999 \%\) accurate. If an enzyme with this accuracy constructed a 10 -nucleotide sequence of DNA, what fraction of the molecules would have the correct sequence?

(a) What type of interaction holds DNA's doublehelical strands together? (b) Why would it not be good for DNA's doublehelical strands to be held together by covalent bonds?

The body processes ethanol by first converting it to acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. $$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NAD}^{+} \stackrel{\text { alcohol dehydrogenase }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CHO}+\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}$$ In the body, acetaldehyde can cause headaches and nausea and is one of the causes of hangovers. Eventually, the acetaldehyde is oxidized to the acetate ion and then converted to carbon dioxide and water. In the reaction of ethanol with \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+},\) which species (ethanol or \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) ) undergoes oxidation? Which species undergoes reduction?

There are \(4^{1}=4\) mononucleotides of DNA, there are \(4^{2}=16\) possible dinucleotides, and so on. If a segment of DNA were completely random, how many nucleotides long would it need to be in order to have one possible sequence for each person on Earth (currently about 7.5 billion people)?
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